Radio network controller

The ARRIS Network Controller is a headend component for use in digital cable networks. The NC2000 supports large-scale interactive networks and communication ...

Radio network controller. RNC ( Radio Network Controller) là một thành phần của UMTS nằm trong mạng truy cập vô tuyến ( UTRAN - hệ thống thông tin di động thế hệ ba). RNC kiểm soát các trạm phát sóng di động thế hệ ba (thường được gọi là NodeB - phân biệt với BTS, trạm phát sóng 2G) kết nối với nó ...

In a radio network controller for controlling a radio base station device for making a communication with a movable terminal through a radio link, first control means for controlling a transfer of a control signal or signalling is provided separately from second control means for controlling a transfer of user data related to the terminal. A ...

adaptation, spreading, synchronization, power control). • Can operate a group of antennas/radios – RNC (Radio Network Controller) (equivalent to GSM BSC) • Responsible for radio resource management and control of the Node Bs. • Handoff decisions, congestion control, power control, encryption, admission control, protocol …BSC — Base Station Controller. RNS — Radio Network System. RNC — Radio Network Controller. CN — Core Network. MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller. VLR ...Introduction of AI and modernized operating models. In addition to new functional splits, the number of radio base stations are increasing and the SW is becoming more complex, In response, AI is increasingly used across the network to secure optimal performance.AI and Machine Learning is used with central network management and orchestration as well … A RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) is a software-defined component of the Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) architecture that’s responsible for controlling and optimizing RAN functions. The RIC is a critical piece of the Open RAN disaggregation strategy, bringing multivendor interoperability, intelligence, agility, and programmability to RANs. Radio Access Network Documentation. YateBTS LTE setup guides, configuring, user interface and other management interfaces documentation, application notes and step by step guides. YateBTS is a software implementation of a GSM/GPRS radio access network based on Yate and is compatible with both 2.5G and 4G core networks comprised in our YateUCN ... Chapter Description. In this sample chapter from CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 2, you will be introduced to the basic concepts of data and control planes, explore product examples of network programmability using controllers, and compare the benefits of traditional networking with the benefits of controller-based networking. The radio network controller includes a division part dividing transmission data into signals of a predetermined data size; a transmission part transmitting the divided signals to the base station at predetermined time intervals; a retransmission part retransmitting the signals transmitted to the base station when a response signal from the ... In a radio network controller for controlling a radio base station device for making a communication with a movable terminal through a radio link, first control means for controlling a transfer of a control signal or signalling is provided separately from second control means for controlling a transfer of user data related to the terminal. A ...

SRNCServing Radio Network Controller. When a RNC (Radio Network Controller) has a RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection with a UE (User Equipment), it is known as the SRNC for that UE. The SRNC is responsible for the user’s mobility within the UTRAN and is also the point of connection towards the CN (Core Network).Multicast and Broadcast Control – Restricts multi and broadcast traffic, except for defined devices. Can help reduce overhead traffic on high-density networks; 802.11 DTIM Period – Leave at auto. Minimum Data Rate Control – Sets a minimum network speed that clients have to be able to reach. Setting this too low can cause …Dual Mode Radio Network Controller ZXUR9000. ZXUR 9000, as a new generation radio network controller, uses all IP hardware structure, modularized design and distributed idea, providing network control functionality under GSM, UMTS or GU dual mode. It has extremely large processing capability, with high integration and intelligent design, which ...Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.. Network … Figure 15.21. UTRAN logical architecture. An RNC is responsible for the use and allocation of all the radio resources of the RNS to which it belongs. The RNC also handles the user voice and packet data traffic, performing the actions on the user data streams that are necessary to access the radio bearers. The responsibilities of an RNC are:

The 25lh Congless of the Indian National Cartograph~c Assoclat~on (INCA) with lnternatlonal partlclpatlon was organ~zed jointly by the Departments of General and Applled Geography and Appl~ed Geology, Dr Har~ Slngh V~shwavldyalaya, Sagar durlng 28 Nov to 1 Dec , 2005 The Congress war; attended by more than 200 delegates and guests from all over Indra and abroad, besldes 70 local delegates The ... When a UE (User Equipment), in the connected state is handed onto a cell associated with a different RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) it is said to have drifted. The RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection however still terminates with the SRNC (Serving RNC). In effect the DRNC acts as a switch, routing information between the SRNC and the UE.Abstract: We propose a distributed closed-loop power control scheme for a cognitive radio network (CRN) based on our developed state space model of the CRN. The whole power control process is separated into outer control loop and inner control loop in order to solve different problem. In outer loop, the interference temperature (IT) …34 3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) supports transfer of user data in three different modes: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). • The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is the second sublayer of the data link layer (L2). It has the responsibility for controlling the …Radio Controllers are responsible for the establishment and running of the radio network at the event. Radio Controllers must be at least 18 years of age, Motorsport UK registered Rally Marshals at a minimum of Rally Senior Marshal level, and have attended a minimum number of Single Venue or Multi-Venue events as a radio operator.The Ericsson RNC (Radio Network Controller)* is used to manage radio-access bearers for transporting user data, manages and optimizes radio network resources, controls mobility (the RBS provides the actual radio resources), and maintains radio links. The RNC is connected to the core network via the Iu interface; user equipment (UE) is connected …

British air executive club.

CONNECTIVITY THAT JUST WORKS. Cambium Networks develops multi-gigabit broadband and Wi-Fi infrastructure/solutions for business, residential, defense and municipal applications around the world. Consistently deliver exceptional digital experiences by focusing on the business and applications—rather than the network elements.In the world of computer networking, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth and reliable data transmission. TCP is one of the core protocols of...Wireless controllers that take care of business. Configure and manage all your access points in one interface. Maximize uptime, minimize security threats. Welcome to wireless that works for you. Overview Resources.A network controller is a software that orchestrates network functions. It serves as an intermediary between the business and the network infrastructure. The organization enters their desired business objectives into the controller which in turn sets up the network to deliver on those objectives. Network controllers do their jobs by:

network controller radio network user Prior art date 2002-11-08 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) Withdrawn Application number EP02774816A Other languages German (de) …The hardware of GSM base station displayed in Deutsches Museum. The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of …The most common remote control codes for a basic Dish Network remote to work with a Panasonic TV are 784 and 512, as of 2015. The correct code depend on the type of remote. The Dis...Previous generation, base stations were controlled by control device 2G: Base Stations Controller (BSC) and 3G: Radio Network Controller (RNC). The controllers were responsible for setting up radio links to wireless devices via base stations. LTE-A detached this concept as it required significant resources. Most applications on …Radio Radio Network. Radio Radio Network. Home; DAB+; APP’s Download; Alexa; Vodafone IPTV; Contact; Nuevas APP’s. Android - Apple - Windows. 24 horas de Musica. Donde la Musica Vive !!! 00:00. Radio Radio Network; Unete a nuestro canal de Telegram- Join our Telegram channel. App’s. APP Android. Learn more. APP Apple.UTRAN (UMTS Terresterial Radio Access Network) Di dalam UTRAN terdapat beberapa elemen jaringan yang baru dibandingkan dengan teknologi 2G yang ada saat ini, di antaranya adalah node B dan RNC (Radio Network Controller). • RNC (Radio Network Controller) RNC bertanggung jawab mengontrol radio resources pada UTRAN yang …SRNCServing Radio Network Controller. When a RNC (Radio Network Controller) has a RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection with a UE (User Equipment), it is known as the SRNC for that UE. The SRNC is responsible for the user’s mobility within the UTRAN and is also the point of connection towards the CN (Core Network). Cloud Security. Cost Optimization. Data Management (DM) Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) Strategic Portfolio Management. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Work Email. Plays a role similar to the BSC in a GSM network, but supports B nodes used in UMTS networks. Radio resource management ( RRM) is the system level management of co-channel interference, radio resources, and other radio transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems, for example cellular networks, wireless local area networks, wireless sensor systems, and radio broadcasting networks. [1] [2] RRM involves strategies and ... ZXWR RNC UMTS Large Capacity WCDMA Radio Network Controller VTCD Voice Transcoder GIPI4 Gigabit IP Interface, 4th Generation, US $ 500 - 1600 / Piece, RNC, UMTS, Guangdong, China.Source from Shenzhen Uonel …Controlling Radio Network Controller. DCH. Dedicated Transport Channel. DPCCH. Dedicated Physical Control Channel. DPCH. Dedicated Physical Channel. DRNC. Drift ...

Previous generation, base stations were controlled by control device 2G: Base Stations Controller (BSC) and 3G: Radio Network Controller (RNC). The controllers were responsible for setting up radio links to wireless devices via base stations. LTE-A detached this concept as it required significant resources. Most applications on …

Jan 5, 2024 · The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is a crucial component in the architecture of 3G (Third Generation) mobile communication systems. It plays a central role in the management and control of radio resources within the UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network), ensuring the efficient operation of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) networks. Radio Network Controller. The RNC is a functional element of the UMTS RNS (Radio Network System) which controls a number of Node Bs. Responsibilities of the RNC …An RNC is responsible for the use and allocation of all the radio resources of the RNS to which it belongs. The RNC also handles the user voice and packet data traffic, …TW-135 TSM Shadow ® High Power Radio (HPR). The TW-135 TSM Shadow ® HPR provides the same RF characteristics and networking capability as the TW-900/950 TSM Shadow handheld radio, including 2-channel audio, up to 32 talk groups, and an expanded side-connector. The TW-135 delivers 20 W transmit power in UHF and L/S-bands for …Before LTE, Radio Network Controller (RNC) nodes controlled the radio resources and mobility over multiple NodeB (3G base stations) underneath, in heretical radio access network. In LTE, as reported by Artia Networks, eNBs (evolved NodeB) manage radio resource and mobility in the cell and sector to optimize all the UE’s …ZXWR RNC UMTS Large Capacity WCDMA Radio Network Controller VTCD Voice Transcoder GIPI4 Gigabit IP Interface, 4th Generation, US $ 500 - 1600 / Piece, RNC, UMTS, Guangdong, China.Source from Shenzhen Uonel …Jun 16, 2023 · RNC (Radio Network Controller) Radio Bearer Control is a term used in telecommunications, specifically in the context of 3G and 4G cellular networks. The RNC is a key component in these networks responsible for managing radio resources and controlling the radio bearers, which are logical channels used for communication between Summary. Radio resource control (RRC) is the highest layer in the control plane of the access stratum (AS). It also transfers messages of the non-access stratum (NAS), which is located above the RRC layer. Signaling provided the RRC layer has the following characteristics such as higher extensibility, secured transmission, reliable …We developed a radio network controller that applies the IP technology to achieve economical application of IP transport to the FOMA radio access network and to cope flexibly with the future support of more advanced and higher-speed services. 1. Introduction The IP-Radio Network Controller (IP-RNC) was put into operation as a con-cnMaestro™ is a cloud-based or on-premises software platform for secure, end-to-end network control. Optimize system availability, maximize throughput, and meet emerging needs of business and residential customers. Planning cnHeat Built upon Cambium Networks’ expertise in RF planning, propagation, and modeling as seen in LINKPlanner …

Galaxy ultra s23.

Email finder free.

Cloud Security. Cost Optimization. Data Management (DM) Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) Strategic Portfolio Management. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Work Email. Plays a role similar to the BSC in a GSM network, but supports B nodes used in UMTS networks. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is responsible for controlling the Radio Access Network (RAN) that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource management and some of the mobility management functions and is the point where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile. The RNC connects to …We developed a radio network controller that applies the IP technology to achieve economical application of IP transport to the FOMA radio access network and to cope flexibly with the future support of more advanced and higher-speed services. 1. Introduction The IP-Radio Network Controller (IP-RNC) was put into operation as a con- RNC ( Radio Network Controller) là một thành phần của UMTS nằm trong mạng truy cập vô tuyến ( UTRAN - hệ thống thông tin di động thế hệ ba). RNC kiểm soát các trạm phát sóng di động thế hệ ba (thường được gọi là NodeB - phân biệt với BTS, trạm phát sóng 2G) kết nối với nó ... Dual Mode Radio Network Controller ZXUR9000. ZXUR 9000, as a new generation radio network controller, uses all IP hardware structure, modularized design and distributed idea, providing network control functionality under GSM, UMTS or GU dual mode. It has extremely large processing capability, with high integration and intelligent design, which ...The control plane functionality will include, but is not limited to, UE Admission Control, Radio Bearer Admission and Modification, Handoffs, and Load Balancing, Inter-cell Interference Coordination etc. RAN Controller Constituents. Radio-Network Information Base (RNIB) A graph of physical/logical network entitiesNetwork access security is a vital aspect of any organization’s cybersecurity strategy. It involves implementing measures to control and monitor access to network resources, ensuri... Title page Alcatel-Lucent 9370 Radio Network Controller | V7.1.3 Maintenance Guide Use pursuant to applicable agreements Ham Radio Remote Control from Anywhere. New Icom 7300 / 7610 / 705 Spectrum Scope Interface. The RemoteTx® ham radio remote control system is an economical way to control your amateur radio station through the Internet with a phone, tablet, Mac or PC. There are 3 main parts to the solution. AT STATION: A Raspberry Pi 3B / 3B+ / 4B (RPi) … Future wireless networks will be more heterogeneous due to different radio access technologies (RATS), types of interconnecting links between the users, and diverse requirements of the connected users. The multiple RAT (multi-RAT) network composed of cellular and Wi-Fi access points is considered as a promising solution to meet indoor traffic needs during pandemic situations. Therefore, in ... Wikipedia ….

The PDU is used for the following: Distributing -48 V DC power to Radio Units (RU) and Control Base Units (CBU), (the supply to the CBU has a 10 ms hold-up) Protecting CBUs from incorrect polarization Distributing power to the Fan Control Unit (FCU) and Climate Control Unit (CCU) RBS 3206 Standard Hardware Units: RU is Radio Unit.When a UE (User Equipment), in the connected state is handed onto a cell associated with a different RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) it is said to have drifted. The RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection however still terminates with the SRNC (Serving RNC). In effect the DRNC acts as a switch, routing information between the SRNC and the UE.Download Marvell drivers by Platform or Part Number for Marvell QLogic Fibre Channel HBA and Marvell FastLinQ Ethernet adapters and controllers.US20050105482A1 US11/022,522 US2252204A US2005105482A1 US 20050105482 A1 US20050105482 A1 US 20050105482A1 US 2252204 A US2252204 A US 2252204A US 2005105482 A1 US2005105482 A1 USIt is responsible for radio communication with the UE and manages the radio resources. Unlike 3G, where there are separate entities for NodeB (radio access network) and RNC (Radio Network Controller), 4G combines these functions into a single eNodeB. Evolved Packet Core (EPC): EPC is the core network of the LTE (Long-Term …In today’s fast-paced world, staying connected is more important than ever. Whether it’s for work, personal life, or simply to keep up with the latest news and trends, having a rel...Jul 6, 2023 · The Serving Radio Network Controller (SRNC) is a critical component in the functioning of a mobile network. It plays a vital role in managing and controlling the radio resources and connections between the base station and mobile devices. In this article, we will explore the key aspects of the SRNC, its functions, and its significance in the ... In today’s fast-paced digital world, a stable and reliable internet connection is crucial. Whether you’re streaming your favorite TV shows, working from home, or simply browsing th...Radio Resource Control (RRC) is a protocol used in mobile communication networks, particularly in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. RRC plays a crucial role in managing and controlling the radio resources of a mobile network, ensuring efficient utilization of the available …The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication bus designed for robust and flexible performance in harsh environments, and particularly for industrial and automotive applications. Originally invented by Bosch and later codified into the ISO11898-1 standard, CAN defines the data link and physical layer of the Open … Radio network controller, The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a governing element in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS radio access network (UTRAN), which is responsible for control the Node Bs that are connected to it. Node B is a term used in UMTS to denote the BTS (base transceiver station). Usually the latest cell phones or …, NBC's newest contributor hire is earning backlash — even from the network's own talent. Ronna McDaniel, the former chair of the Republican National Committee, has …, In the world of networking, two protocols reign supreme – TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). These protocols are the foundation of communication ..., The network controller performs radio resource management, mobility management, and data encryption. It connects to the circuit-switched core network and the packet-switched core network, depending on the type …, Modular robots are flexible structures that offer versatility and configuration options for carrying out different types of movements; however, disconnection problems between the modules can lead to the loss of information, and, therefore, the proposed displacement objectives are not met. This work proposes the control of a chain-type …, Future wireless networks will be more heterogeneous due to different radio access technologies (RATS), types of interconnecting links between the users, and diverse requirements of the connected users. The multiple RAT (multi-RAT) network composed of cellular and Wi-Fi access points is considered as a promising solution to meet indoor traffic needs during pandemic situations. Therefore, in ... , In this paper primary goal was to explain basic monitoring techniques on wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) radio network controller (RNC). Live data for same network key performance indicator (KPI) have been obtained by different monitoring techniques available on RNC. The obtained results have been compared …, A radio network controller disposed on a network, for implementing effective use of bands in use considering the characteristics of the use form of the users, not by physical expansion, the radio network controller having a user resource management section for managing information for characterizing a user connected to the radio network ... , Aug 17, 2021 · Previous generation, base stations were controlled by control device 2G: Base Stations Controller (BSC) and 3G: Radio Network Controller (RNC). The controllers were responsible for setting up radio links to wireless devices via base stations. LTE-A detached this concept as it required significant resources. , What Is a Radio Network Controller (RNC)? A Radio Network Controller is in charge of the use and distribution of all the …, Dec 15, 2009 · Project 25 (P25) defines a network or system. Within the P25 network or system are a number of standardized interfaces. One such interface is the Inter-RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI), which is defined in TIA-102.BACA-A, January 2009. The ISSI is between two Radio Frequency Subsystems (RFSSs), which are the basic elements in the network ... , The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a governing element in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS radio access network (UTRAN), …, Nov 15, 2023 · It is responsible for radio communication with the UE and manages the radio resources. Unlike 3G, where there are separate entities for NodeB (radio access network) and RNC (Radio Network Controller), 4G combines these functions into a single eNodeB. Evolved Packet Core (EPC): EPC is the core network of the LTE (Long-Term Evolution) system. It ... , Chapter Description. In this sample chapter from CCNA 200-301 Official Cert Guide, Volume 2, you will be introduced to the basic concepts of data and control planes, explore product examples of network programmability using controllers, and compare the benefits of traditional networking with the benefits of controller-based networking., e. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.331 [2] for UMTS, in TS 36.331 [3] for LTE and in TS 38.331 [4] for 5G New Radio. RRC messages are transported via the PDCP -Protocol., All network settings must be done via the mic/earphone sockets, using the programming cable. You will need this Software and the UART drivers to use it. Since V4.14, Zello is 100% compatible with the T192. You can change volume, use the PTT button and select channels using the dial knob. You just need to follow the configuration steps …, It is responsible for radio communication with the UE and manages the radio resources. Unlike 3G, where there are separate entities for NodeB (radio access network) and RNC (Radio Network Controller), 4G combines these functions into a single eNodeB. Evolved Packet Core (EPC): EPC is the core network of the LTE (Long-Term …, UTRAN (UMTS Terresterial Radio Access Network) Di dalam UTRAN terdapat beberapa elemen jaringan yang baru dibandingkan dengan teknologi 2G yang ada saat ini, di antaranya adalah node B dan RNC (Radio Network Controller). • RNC (Radio Network Controller) RNC bertanggung jawab mengontrol radio resources pada UTRAN yang …, Wikipedia , Product DXM1000-B1R4 · DX80 Data radio functionalities · Logic functions, supports ScriptBasic · Email and cloud function, timing and data logger · Alte..., in this part 2 video, I talk about and show you how this R1-2020 interface box for Zello/echolink/all star link using a GMRS two-way radio works. and how to ..., The Radio Network Controller is the element that presents in the UMTS radio access controller. Usually, the Radio Network Controller is responsible for controlling Node …, We developed a radio network controller that applies the IP technology to achieve economical application of IP transport to the FOMA radio access network and to cope flexibly with the future support of more advanced and higher-speed services. 1. Introduction The IP-Radio Network Controller (IP-RNC) was put into operation as a con-, Radio Radio Network. Radio Radio Network. Home; DAB+; APP’s Download; Alexa; Vodafone IPTV; Contact; Nuevas APP’s. Android - Apple - Windows. 24 horas de Musica. Donde la Musica Vive !!! 00:00. Radio Radio Network; Unete a nuestro canal de Telegram- Join our Telegram channel. App’s. APP Android. Learn more. APP Apple., A Radio Network Controller (RNC) provides the interface between the wireless devices communicating through Node B transceivers and the network edge. This includes controlling and managing the radio transceivers in the Node B equipment, as well as management tasks like soft handoff. The RNC performs tasks in a 3G wireless network …, Electroluminescent (EL) Drivers. LCD/CCD/OLED Bias. Inductorless (Charge Pump) DC/DC Converters . Back to Power Management. Inductorless (Charge Pump) DC/DC Converters. Explore Inductorless (Charge Pump) DC/DC Converters. While the growth of 5G wireless radio networks is aggressive, the industry must still overcome a series of …, ... Radio Network Controller (RNC). The Radio Network Controllers are connected to the Core Network (CN). The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The ..., The 25lh Congless of the Indian National Cartograph~c Assoclat~on (INCA) with lnternatlonal partlclpatlon was organ~zed jointly by the Departments of General and Applled Geography and Appl~ed Geology, Dr Har~ Slngh V~shwavldyalaya, Sagar durlng 28 Nov to 1 Dec , 2005 The Congress war; attended by more than 200 delegates and guests from all over Indra and abroad, besldes 70 local delegates The ... , Voice Interface Board Controller Radio-Network USB Sound Card For Echolink Zello ; People are checking this out. 5 have added this to their watchlist. ; Time left., The Radio Network Controller (or RNC) is a governing element in the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS radio access network (UTRAN), which is responsible for control the Node Bs that are connected to it. Node B is a term used in UMTS to denote the BTS (base transceiver station). Usually the latest cell phones or …, Jun 16, 2023 · RNC (Radio Network Controller) Radio Bearer Control is a term used in telecommunications, specifically in the context of 3G and 4G cellular networks. The RNC is a key component in these networks responsible for managing radio resources and controlling the radio bearers, which are logical channels used for communication between , TW-135 TSM Shadow ® High Power Radio (HPR). The TW-135 TSM Shadow ® HPR provides the same RF characteristics and networking capability as the TW-900/950 TSM Shadow handheld radio, including 2-channel audio, up to 32 talk groups, and an expanded side-connector. The TW-135 delivers 20 W transmit power in UHF and L/S-bands for …, Key Features. (1) Playback/control network player in line with DLNA. (2) When the internet radio is selected from this application while network player is connected to the internet environment, it plays on network player. (3) Check/change the configurations of network player. (4) Music Play feature allows you to stream music tracks directly ...