Plastic and reconstructive surgery journal

Autologous fat grafting is a useful tool in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. In recent years, the indications in soft-tissue reconstruction have expanded beyond volume loss and contour deformity 1–4 to include radiation fibrosis, peripheral neuropathy, complex pain, and lymphedema. 5, 6 The underlying mechanisms of these benefits are not fully understood, but the effects of …

PRS Articles about Plastic Surgery Residency. New! Free PRS Global Open Articles About Plastic Surgery Residency: Fellowship & Starting Practice. Pre-Residency. Skill Development. Well-being. Residency Useful Tips The best articles about the process of plastic surgery residency and beyond, selected by Plastic Surgery Residents.Types of Plastics - Types of plastics include thermoplastic, polystyrene and polyethylene. Learn more about some of the different types of plastics. Advertisement Plastics can be d...The authors propose an innovative procedure for correcting Poland syndrome thoracic malformations using three-dimensional modeling. Moreover, the authors ...The only way to discover the limits of possible is to go to beyond them into the impossible. —Arthur C. Clarke. Plastic surgery strives for innovation to advance our specialty; thus comes about the “Ideas and Innovations” article type in the pages of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.Innovation requires ideas and creativity, yet an idea alone fails … For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn ... From the * Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ... The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery-Global Open 11(12):p e5484, December 2023. | DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005484. Open; SDC; Associated Video;In this video, Rod J. Rohrich, MD (Editor-in-Chief of "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery") discusses a new paper which studies these concerns proposes a new strategy to help …

About the journal. The goal of CJPRS is to publish the most current and innovative research in all areas relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery. CJPRS is committed to providing a forum for scholars and experts to communicate freely, to cooperate actively, and to promote advancements in the plastic and ….The Promise and Perils of Peer Review. Rohrich, Rod J. M.D. Author Information. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: November 2021 - Volume 148 - Issue 5S - p 43S-45S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000794840.30418.83. Free. Metrics. “It is impossible to make anything foolproof because fools are so ingenious.”. —Ralph Waldo Emerson.Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 149 (3):604e-606e, March 2022. Table of Contents Outline. March 2022 Journal Club: Outcomes after Breast Reduction; Training Surgery Residents to be Leaders; Recipients of Lower Extremity Flaps. In this episode of the Award-winning PRS Journal Club Podcast, 2022 Resident Ambassadors to the PRS ...For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn repair, cosmetic … USD. $1,048.00. For over 70 years, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® , the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist called upon for plastic surgery techniques or to work in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. A leader in the field, the journal is ... The Department of Surgery 2020 Annual Report features clinical, research and educational accomplishments from the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive …The main aim of the journal is to develop a standard of excellence in basic and translational research that improves human health and disease in the community ...Liposuction is a plastic surgery technique that allows doctors to remove fat from patients. Doctors can perform liposuction in several ways, including a laser-assisted procedure kn...

Aesthetic Surgery of the gluteal area; Aesthetic Non-surgical procedures and Technology; Aesthetic and Reconstructive Gender Reaffirmation; Body contouring ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Global Open is an open access, peer reviewed, international journal focusing on global plastic and reconstructive surgery.Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Global Open publishes on all areas of plastic and reconstructive surgery, including basic science/experimental studies pertinent to the field and also clinical articles on such topics as: breast ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, publishing high-quality, innovative research and clinical practice guidelines in the field of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. The journal covers topics such as breast surgery, facial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, wound healing, … Plastic surgery strives for innovation to advance our specialty; thus comes about the “Ideas and Innovations” article type in the pages of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Innovation requires ideas and creativity, yet an idea alone fails to institute change. As noted by Professor Theodore Levitt, an economist and professor at Harvard ...

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For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn repair, cosmetic …Burn patients require interdisciplinary care in which the plastic surgeon plays a prominent role. Appropriate referral, assessment, treatment, and posttreatment supports are essential to achieving favorable outcomes following burn injury. The authors reviewed the current literature on epidemiology, prevention, referral criteria, critical care ...For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn …Style request for the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/pages/default.aspx)Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal and the official publication of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. It covers all aspects of plastic and reconstructive surgery, including operative procedures, clinical or laboratory research, and case reports. ISSN. 0032-1052.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: October 2020 - Volume 146 - Issue 4 - p 766-777. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007184. Free; Associated Video; ... Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox Get New Issue Alerts. Browse Journal Content. Most Popular; For Authors; About the Journal; Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery features original articles and reviews on topics such as ptosis, eyelid reconstruction, orbital diagnosis and surgery, lacrimal problems, and eyelid malposition. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn repair, cosmetic reshaping, as well as news on … Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: October 2022 - Volume 150 - Issue 4 - p 948-950. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000009612. Free. “Spotlight in Plastic Surgery” provides a quarterly overview of articles from non–plastic surgery high-impact journals and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. This month we will review key articles of ... 1 Sept 2017 ... Layt is proud to be featured on the cover of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal. Click here to read the article which outlines the ...Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 151 (6):1022e-1034e, June 2023. Show More. Play. Favorite. Projection and In-setting of the Tram Flap Breast Reconstruction. Video 6 from “A Safe and Efficient Technique for Pedicled TRAM Flap Breast Reconstruction” June 2023 – 151 (6) CME. Creator: John Semple. The European Journal of Plastic Surgery is a forum for advancements in clinical techniques and research in plastic surgery within Europe and globally. Europe has long been an area of dynamic development in plastic surgery, adapting to differing cultures, traditions, and medical and surgical philosophies. Recently, these changes have been even ... Video 1 from “Clinical Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Radio-Frequency Assisted Lipolysis (RFAL) on Breast Envelope and Nipple-Areolar Complex (NAC) Position.” 150 (6). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery December 2022, Volume 150, Issue 6; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 150 (6):1200-1210, December 2022. The main aim of the journal is to develop a standard of excellence in basic and translational research that improves human health and disease in the community ...Clinical Journal of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery publishes bi-annual (2) issues with gold standard research articles, reviews, case reports, case series, innovation and ideas,and procedures along with the editorial, letter to editor and other interesting articles. The Journal provides for long-term digital preservation through CLOCKSS, LOCKSS.From the Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery/Hand Surgery, Klinikum Lüdenscheid; Clinic for Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, Klinikum Stadt Soest; and Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Surgical Clinic, Ev. Diakonie-Krankenhaus Bremen. Received for publication April 30, 2020; accepted July 21, 2021.Background: Patients with facial paralysis often report frustration with communication; however, there are limited data regarding intelligibility deficiencies. …

InCites, a web-based research evaluation benchmarking and analytics tool, released its 2022 Journal Citation Report, revealing that Plastic and Reconstructive …

Plastic Surgical Nursing (PSN) is a quarterly journal that has been published continuously since 1980 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW). The Journal presents the most current information about plastic and aesthetic nursing practice. PSN features clinical articles covering a wide variety of surgical and nonsurgical reconstructive and aesthetic …In the current study, we sought to assess the validity of this principle, in addition to quantifying the degree of change in tip rotation and projection. Method: Subjects >18 years of age with no history of prior nasal surgery were recruited for this study from December 2020 to …Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery began publication in 1946, and its inaugural issues focused largely on war time injuries, cleft lip and palate, and wound management. The first article published on cosmetic surgery appeared in Volume 2 of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, published in 1947, and was written by Joseph Safian, entitled “A ...Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 149 (3):604e-606e, March 2022. Table of Contents Outline. March 2022 Journal Club: Outcomes after Breast Reduction; Training Surgery Residents to be Leaders; Recipients of Lower Extremity Flaps. In this episode of the Award-winning PRS Journal Club Podcast, 2022 Resident Ambassadors to the PRS ...Read the latest articles of Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature. Skip to main content ... Predatory journals: Advice for plastic surgery trainees. Tamara Mertz, Alexander J. Baldwin. Pages 54-55The authors propose an innovative procedure for correcting Poland syndrome thoracic malformations using three-dimensional modeling. Moreover, the authors ... For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: The Future of the Journal and the Field through the 21st Century Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Jul;138(1):318-324. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002293. Authors ...New England Journal of Medicine. Accepted. D'Souza, GF, Zins JZ. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Clinical Reference Guide. Annals of Plastic Surgery.

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Salt made in Asia had by far the most microplastics of all the samples, which correlates with where plastic most often enters the ocean. There’s microplastic in that table salt. A ... Reconstr. Surg. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal and the official publication of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. It covers all aspects of plastic and reconstructive surgery, [1] including operative procedures, clinical or laboratory research, and case reports. [2] [3] Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (JPRS) is the official peer-reviewed and open-access journal of the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The Journal’s aim is to advance knowledge of plastic and reconstructive surgery-related studies, and to promote the standards in research and conduct of physicians, surgeons ... Quality of Life after Breast Cancer Surgery —Video Discussion by Cristiane Ueno, MD. Journal: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery July 2020, Volume 146, Issue 1; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 146 (1):1-13, July 2020. Nonaesthetic Uses for Botulinum Toxin. Plastic Surgery Hot Topics with Rod J. Rohrich, MD. For over 70 years, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® , the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist called upon for plastic surgery techniques or to work in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. A leader in the field, the journal is comprehensive, yet easy to read, …Dec 6, 2021 ... This naturally led to the creation of the Society's journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, which is in fact still its primary journal to ...Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® (), founded in 1946, is the leading journal among plastic surgeons worldwide and is the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the American Association of Plastic Surgeons, the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and the American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons.More than 12,000 …Salt made in Asia had by far the most microplastics of all the samples, which correlates with where plastic most often enters the ocean. There’s microplastic in that table salt. A ...Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi is a scientific international journal focusing on plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. The journal is peer-reviewed and open access, covering articles from all subdisciplines of plastic and reconstructive surgery, including burns, craniomaxillofacial, hand surgery, reconstructive microsurgery, and oncoplastic, wounds and …The goal of CJPRS is to publish the most current and innovative research in all areas relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery.CJPRS is committed to providing a forum for scholars and experts to communicate freely, to cooperate actively, and to promote advancements in the plastic and reconstructive community.. We welcome significant … Targeting Alternative Splicing for Reversal of Cellular Senescence in the Context of Aesthetic Aging. Bramwell, Laura R.; Harries, Lorna W. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 147 (1S-2):25S-32S, January 2021. Abstract. While you might know silicone more for its use in plastic surgery, there’s a good chance that you can also find it right in your own kitchen. Silicone’s durability in the kitchen h... ….

The goal of CJPRS is to publish the most current and innovative research in all areas relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery.CJPRS is committed to providing a forum for scholars and experts to communicate freely, to cooperate actively, and to promote advancements in the plastic and reconstructive community.. We welcome significant … Reconstr. Surg. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal and the official publication of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. It covers all aspects of plastic and reconstructive surgery, [1] including operative procedures, clinical or laboratory research, and case reports. [2] [3] Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: October 2022 - Volume 150 - Issue 4 - p 948-950. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000009612. Free. “Spotlight in Plastic Surgery” provides a quarterly overview of articles from non–plastic surgery high-impact journals and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. This month we will review key articles of ... April 2022: Tissue Expander Outcomes; Antibiotics & Breast Cancer Surgery; ACGME Milestone Implementation . May 2022: Reconstruction Complications; Decreasing Early Lymphedema; Mesh for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. June 2022: Breast Recon after Infection; Robotic Harvest of the Latissimus Dorsi; Face Lift Practice. This is especially true in plastic and reconstructive surgery which is one of the most competitive specialties. Hence, surgeons in training must be familiar with the current literature in the field. ... (15.3%) units subscribed to all journals. The plastic surgery units in London and Scotland had higher access to the selected journals compared ...30 Jun 2022 ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery's new impact factor is 5.169, an all-time high! Each PRS article is cited more than 5X on average!Dec 3, 2023 · The Plastic, Reconstructive & Regenerative Surgery (PRRS) is an international peer-reviewed journal focusing on scientific research and clinical innovations in reconstructive, aesthetic and regenerative fields of plastic surgery. The ISSN (Online) of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is 1537-2677 . An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals, magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all media–print and electronic. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Key Factor Analysis Plastic and reconstructive surgery journal, The Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal is the official Journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Inc. Dr. Hovsepian has several published ..., The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn repair, cosmetic reshaping, as well as news on …, Welcome to the Residents’ Gateway. The following Resident Reader collections have been compiled by many residents from across the country who have collaborated to identify the best of the best PRS articles and videos. The overarching goal of this collection is to enable Residents instantaneous access to the top-rated and cutting-edge articles ... , Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: January 2021 - Volume 147 - Issue 1 - p 219-230. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007509. Buy; Associated Video; Metrics ... Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox Get New Issue Alerts. Browse Journal Content. Most Popular; For Authors; About the Journal;, April 2022: Tissue Expander Outcomes; Antibiotics & Breast Cancer Surgery; ACGME Milestone Implementation . May 2022: Reconstruction Complications; Decreasing Early Lymphedema; Mesh for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. June 2022: Breast Recon after Infection; Robotic Harvest of the Latissimus Dorsi; Face Lift Practice. , 9 Jul 2021 ... Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery's new impact factor is 4.730, an all-time high! Each PRS article is cited more than 4.7 times on average!, Plastic Surgery Resident; PRS Journal Club Archive; PRS Journal Club Podcast; PRS Grand Rounds; For Authors. Submit a Manuscript; Information for Authors; Language …, For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® , the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, is a benefit of Society ... , Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, publishing high-quality, innovative research and clinical practice guidelines in the field of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. The journal covers topics such as breast surgery, facial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, wound healing, …, April 2022: Tissue Expander Outcomes; Antibiotics & Breast Cancer Surgery; ACGME Milestone Implementation . May 2022: Reconstruction Complications; Decreasing Early Lymphedema; Mesh for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. June 2022: Breast Recon after Infection; Robotic Harvest of the Latissimus Dorsi; Face Lift Practice. , Predatory journals threaten the scholastic integrity of peer-reviewed research and take advantage of highly motivated individuals who seek to advance the field of medicine. In prolific fields, such as plastic surgery, defensive action must be taken to combat the negative influences that predatory journals have on plastic surgeons’ research., Read the latest articles of Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature, Surgery to reshape the nose is a very common plastic surgery procedure and it can both increase or decrease the size of nose. Try our Symptom Checker Got any other symptoms? Try ou..., ory psychological outcome. They conducted a search of appropriate computerized databases for studies that evaluated psychological and psychosocial status both before and after elective cosmetic surgery. They identified 37 relevant studies of varying cosmetic procedures that utilized disparate methodologies. Overall, patients …, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 210(7), 479–485. Kugler, T. (2022, February 10). Annual Report: American Academy of Facial Plastic and …, ients receiving botulinum toxin versus placebo injections in the head and neck muscles, for the preventive treatment of migraine. The primary outcome was change in the number of headache episodes per month from baseline to 3 months. Results: There were 17 studies including a total of 3646 patients. Overall analysis reported a tendency in favor of …, The Department of Surgery 2020 Annual Report features clinical, research and educational accomplishments from the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive …, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery May 2022, Volume 149, Issue 5; In this episode of the Award-winning PRS Journal Club Podcast, 2022 Resident Ambassadors to the PRS Editorial Board – Saïd Azoury, Emily Long, and Ronnie Shammas- and special guest Vu T. Nguyen, MD, discuss the following articles from the May 2022 issue. , For more than 50 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn …, For more than 60 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® , the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, is a benefit of Society ..., ose of this review was to investigate the advantages, diverse application, outcomes, cost benefits, use in challenging environments, patient considerations, and contraindications associated with WALANT. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on the WALANT technique was conducted. Search terms included: WALANT, wide-awake …, For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, burn …, Soft-tissue filler injection, the most common nonsurgical procedure in plastic surgery, may be followed by severe complications, such as vision loss and death. 1–3 There are limited effective treatment strategies to reverse these events; therefore, prevention is vital. 2, 3 In this study, fresh frozen cadavers were used for mimetic injections and anatomic study …, Learning Objectives: After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of some of the changes in aspects of facial fracture management. 2. Assess a patient presenting with facial fractures. 3. Understand indications and timing of surgery. 4. Recognize exposures of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton., For more than 50 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. The journal brings readers up-to-the-minute reports on the latest techniques and follow-up for maxillofacial reconstruction, …, ce of simultaneous batwing mastopexy performed at the time of immediate implant-based reconstruction. Methods: Using retrospective chart review, the authors identified patients who underwent immediate implant-based breast reconstruction from 2015 through 2020 at a single institution. The patients were divided into two cohorts—batwing mastopexy and …, About the journal. The goal of CJPRS is to publish the most current and innovative research in all areas relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery. CJPRS is committed to providing a forum for scholars and experts to communicate freely, to cooperate actively, and to promote advancements in the plastic and …., INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY (IJPRS) is an international peer-reviewed journal dealing with aesthetic, plastic and ..., Two blepharoplasty techniques were compared. Traditional elliptical skin excision was performed at the University Medical Centre Groningen. Laterally extended skin excision was performed at the Scheper Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the University Medical Centre Groningen (METc 2019/557) and ..., In his book, Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of Pressure Ulcers, Dr. Rubayi provides a 360-degree analysis of all aspects of pressure ulcer management, delivering a thorough review of all the key principles. This book represents Dr. Rubayi’s collective experience and knowledge, gained from 25,000 reconstructive procedures performed over 30 ..., For more than 70 years Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® has been the one consistently excellent reference for every specialist who uses plastic surgery techniques or works in conjunction with a plastic surgeon. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® , the official journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, is a benefit of Society ... , AI has the potential to reshape the field of plastic surgery and improve the quality of care for cancer patients by more precisely and accurately identifying factors that lead to poor outcomes than can conventional statistical analysis. The present study evaluated the use of ML to predict complications of IBR., New England Journal of Medicine. Accepted. D'Souza, GF, Zins JZ. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Clinical Reference Guide. Annals of Plastic Surgery.