Patriot act apush definition

The events of 9/11 changed the government’s approach to fighting terrorism. In this mini-lesson, students gain an overview of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and how it changed the way government security agencies function. After analyzing the Act’s impact on terrorism, students consider the government’s dual role to protect people and individual rights.

APUSH — Advanced Placement United States History — is a college-level course that covers the history of the United States from pre-Columbian times to the present day. The course is designed to provide students with an understanding of the significant themes and events in American History and to prepare them for the APUSH exam.USA Patriot Act: The USA Patriot Act is an antiterrorism law enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 2001, at the request of then-President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks that took place on Sept. 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, D.C. Often referred to simply as the Patriot Act , it was signed by Bush on Oct. 26, 2001.Sep 21, 2020 · The Espionage Act of 1917 was passed just two months after America entered World War I and was primarily intended by Congress to combat actual espionage on behalf of America’s enemies, like ... Administrative Subpoena. court order to do something; someone in administration can request (no judge involvement) Domestic terrorism. intent to influence government policy by intimidation or coercion. 1. it infringes on freedom. 2. gives federal government too much power. 3. leads to abuse by law enforcement.USA Patriot Act It conferred unprecedented powers on law-enforcement agencies charged with preventing the new, vaguely defined crime of "domestic terrorism," including the power to wiretap, spy on citizens, open letters, read e-mail, and obtain personal records from third parties like universities and libraries without the knowledge of a suspect.APUSH Ch. 41. H. Ross Perot. Click the card to flip 👆. Presidential candidate in the 1992 election who won 20% of votes. He was a Texas billionaire who harped incessantly on the problem of the federal deficit and he had never held any office. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 10.Administrative Subpoena. court order to do something; someone in administration can request (no judge involvement) Domestic terrorism. intent to influence government policy by intimidation or coercion. 1. it infringes on freedom. 2. gives federal government too much power. 3. leads to abuse by law enforcement.

Jun 16, 2020 · 9.6 Challenges of the 21st Century. Prep for the AP exam with questions that mimic the test! John Porter, Deputy Clerk, Ship’s List of Emigrants Bound for New England from Weymouth, the 20th of March, 1635. 1. Joseph Hull, of Somerset, a minister, aged 40 years 2. Agnes Hull, his wife, aged 25 years 3. In times of loss, finding comfort and closure can be a challenging process. However, one valuable resource that can provide solace and support is the Wilkes Journal Patriot obituar...The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. Its title is a ten-letter backronym (USA PATRIOT) that stands for "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001". 카드를 클릭하여 뒤집으세요 ...Oct 13, 2022 · Economic Protests — Patriot leader Samuel Adams appealed to the towns in Massachusetts to show their support for Boston by joining what he called ... Intolerable Acts Definition for APUSH. The Intolerable Acts were a series of laws passed by Parliament after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to reign in disobedience, ...Lesson 2: The Alien and Sedition Acts. With the rise of political parties in the new nation, partisan conflict intensified over issues of economics, foreign policy, law, and domestic policy. The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798 amid fears of war with France exacerbated the growing rift between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

TIME PERIOD 3: 1754 - 1800. Period 3: (1754-1800) Chapters 5-8. Key Concepts - from College Board. British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.Jun 16, 2020 · 9.6 Challenges of the 21st Century. Prep for the AP exam with questions that mimic the test! John Porter, Deputy Clerk, Ship’s List of Emigrants Bound for New England from Weymouth, the 20th of March, 1635. 1. Joseph Hull, of Somerset, a minister, aged 40 years 2. Agnes Hull, his wife, aged 25 years 3. The term applies particularly to the act of collecting military, industrial, and political data about one nation for the benefit of another. What is the legal definition of espionage? A person somehow obtains or attempts to obtain any information connected to the national defense with a reason to believe that the information is to be used to injure or harm the …Stamp Act, (1765), in U.S. colonial history, first British parliamentary attempt to raise revenue through direct taxation of all colonial commercial and legal papers, newspapers, pamphlets, cards, almanacs, and dice. The devastating effect of Pontiac’s War (1763–64) on colonial frontier settlements added to the enormous new defense burdens ...A Patriot association that formed in response to increased taxes by organizing and participating in boycotts of British goods. Intolerable Acts (1774) Also called the Coercive Acts, consisted of four separate legislative measure: the Boston Port Bill, the Government Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.APUSH Chapter 20. interstate commerce act of 1887. Click the card to flip 👆. definition: act that allowed federal government to regulate interstate commerce. significance: it was an exception to the federal government's ignorance of the social consequences of industrialization. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 25.

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Republic Day is a momentous occasion in India, celebrated with great pride and fervor. It commemorates the day when the Constitution of India came into effect, marking the country’...Are you preparing for the ACT and looking for free resources to practice? Look no further. In today’s digital age, there are numerous online platforms that offer free ACT tests. Co...A political party (formed in July of 1892) that supported the removal of national banks, the removal of the flat tax, government ownership of all communication and transport services, and an eight-hour workday. A practice involving the development of behavior through practice and learning through experimentation.A key component of the Global War on Terror was the USA Patriot Act (2001) which sought to protect the nation from future acts of terror by expanding domestic surveillance programs and permitting the use of enhanced interrogation techniques to extract information from detainees.

As Veterans Day approaches, it’s time to honor and celebrate the brave men and women who have served in the armed forces. One way to show your appreciation is by creating a festive... USA Patriot Act: The USA Patriot Act is an antiterrorism law enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 2001, at the request of then-President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks that took place on Sept. 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, D.C. Often referred to simply as the Patriot Act , it was signed by Bush on Oct. 26, 2001. Selective Service Act. This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 million had registered; 2.8 million had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45. African-American soldiers. during World War I; 200,000 served in France ...Patriot Honda in Ardmore, OK is a renowned dealership that offers a wide range of Honda vehicles to suit every need and budget. Whether you’re looking for a sleek sedan or a spacio...A short-lived political party that was founded in 1891, and was very important from 1892-96. The party drew support from the poor white cotton famers in the South, and wheat farmers from the plains states. The group represented a radical agrarian group that wass hostile to banks, railroads, and elites.Apr 18, 2018 · Passed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the Patriot Act has created new rules on surveillance and national security in the U.S. See why some believe it has kept the country safer, while others ...2009-American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. 2011—Affordable Care Act (A brief note on chronology and APUSH: APUSH doesn’t explicitly require you to know much more specific content beyond about 2003 and the War on Terror, but your textbook and class may include content from beyond 2005 that illustrates the key concepts APUSH requires you to ...The origins of the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 stretch back to the US involvement in Afghanistan in the 1980s. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Osama bin Laden, the son of an extremely wealthy Saudi Arabian family, went to Afghanistan to organize the Arab mujahideen resistance to the Soviet occupation.Still in …A political party (formed in July of 1892) that supported the removal of national banks, the removal of the flat tax, government ownership of all communication and transport services, and an eight-hour workday. A practice involving the development of behavior through practice and learning through experimentation.APUSH Period 3. ID: Lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. The act further stipulated that Americans could export many commodities- including lumber, iron, skins. and whale bone - to foreign countries only if the goods passed through british ports first. The terms of the act and its methods ...Marquis de Lafayette APUSH Definition The Marquis de Lafayette, born Gilbert du Motier in 1757, was a French aristocrat who played a crucial role in the American Revolutionary War. Inspired by the American struggle for independence, Lafayette volunteered to serve in the Continental Army, becoming a close ally of George Washington.The American Revolution: lesson overview. A high-level overview of the American Revolution. After the Seven Years’ War, the British government attempted to increase control over its American colonies. The colonists rebelled against the change in policy, which eventually led to the Revolutionary War.

Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American-born British Loyalists. (Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783, engraving by Henry Moses after a painting by Benjamin West.)Flag of the United Empire Loyalists.. Loyalists were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to the British …

War Powers Act. Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period; 48 hours to inform congress. "Laws are suspended in times of war". (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001’’. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title and table of contents. Sec. 2. Construction ...The head of the FEMA was forced to resign in disgrace. George W. Bush. 43rd President of the United States. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Election of 2000, World Trade Center September 11th (9/11), Patriot Act and more.Federal Reserve Act. An act establishing 12 regional Federal REserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the pres. to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the 1st World War of 1914-1918.The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty. Congress enacted the Patriot Act by overwhelming, bipartisan margins, arming law enforcement with new tools to detect and prevent terrorism: The USA Patriot Act was passed nearly unanimously by the Senate 98-1, and 357-66 in the House, with the support of members from across the political spectrum.A Patriot association that formed in response to increased taxes by organizing and participating in boycotts of British goods. Intolerable Acts (1774) Also called the Coercive Acts, consisted of four separate legislative measure: the Boston Port Bill, the Government Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.Between 1965 and 2000, the highest number of immigrants (4.3 million) to the U.S. came from Mexico, in addition to some 1.4 million from the Philippines. Korea, the Dominican Republic, India, Cuba ...The Patriot Act, or USA PATRIOT Act, was passed shortly after the terrorist attacks in the United States that occurred on September 11, 2001, and gave law enforcement agencies...Small business owners are keeping a wary eye on two pending pieces of legislation: The STEP Act and the 99.5% Act. Small business owners are keeping a wary eye on two pending piece...

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The Patriot Act. Teacher 11 terms. Crist_Fellman. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41. 17 terms. avmori. Preview. Post war economic crisis and social discontent . 20 terms. clf262. Preview. Atlee's 1945-51 Government Achievements and Problems. 41 terms. Poppy_Clay6. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41 Key Terms.Allowed U.S. government to arrest and deport all aliens who are citizens of countries that are at war with the U.S. Sedition act. made it a crime to speak or write critically about the President, Congress, Federal government, or federal laws. It's purpose was to silence criticism. Madison and Jefferson.Overview of Period 3 (1754-1800) During this time period, the American colonies are moving from loyal subjects of the crown to desiring independence and finally facing the challenges of a new nation. 🗽. As a result of the growing enlightenment ideas and the end of salutary neglect, the colonies fought and won a revolutionary war creating a ...Apr 13, 2024 · Patriot Act. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, [1] also known as the USA Patriot Act is an anti-terrorism law. It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks. At that time, President Bush had very high …The Sedition Act of 1918 curtailed the free speech rights of U.S. citizens during time of war. Passed on May 16, 1918, as an amendment to Title I of the Espionage Act of 1917, the act provided for further and expanded limitations on speech.Ultimately, its passage came to be viewed as an instance of government overstepping the bounds of …The Boston Port Act was the first of the Coercive Acts. Parliament passed the bill on March 31, 1774, and King George III gave it royal assent on May 20 th. The act authorized the Royal Navy to blockade Boston Harbor because “the commerce of his Majesty’s subjects cannot be safely carried on there." 1 The blockade commenced on June 1, 1774 ...APUSH. continued nuclear arms reduction up to 75 percent just like the salt treaties. This allowed for the tensions between the us and russia to continue to cool. START (for STrategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and ...Kansas-Nebraska Act. Law that allowed for popular sovereignty (people living in an area could decide if slavery would be allowed or not. Devised by Stephen Douglas) in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Kansas would be slave and Nebraska would be free. Overturned the Missouri Compromise. Definition: In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. Significance: helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence. Populists. Synopsis . The Espionage Act of 1917 was a law passed by Congress after the United States entered World War I designed to protect the war effort from disloyal European immigrants. The Act criminalized the publication or distribution of “information” that could harm or hinder US armed forces as well as of “false reports or false statements” …USA Patriot Act It conferred unprecedented powers on law-enforcement agencies charged with preventing the new, vaguely defined crime of "domestic terrorism," including the power to wiretap, spy on citizens, open letters, read e-mail, and obtain personal records from third parties like universities and libraries without the knowledge of a suspect.The welfare reform act signaled change in the role of the federal government with the states. Law sought to increase personal responsibility in welfare recipients and shifted many responsibilities for welfare provision to state governments. Acts that are important for the AP Govt Test Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ….

The war act of 1973... Federal law provides the President to send US military armed forces into action abroad by: authorization of congress or if the US is under attack or serious threat. The war power resolution requires... the president to notify congress within 48 hours of commuting arm forces to military action. The war powers do not allow...The Patriot Act. Teacher 11 terms. Crist_Fellman. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41. 17 terms. avmori. Preview. Post war economic crisis and social discontent . 20 terms. clf262. Preview. Atlee's 1945-51 Government Achievements and Problems. 41 terms. Poppy_Clay6. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41 Key Terms.If you’re in the market for a new or used car in Ardmore, Oklahoma, look no further than Patriot Honda. With its exceptional customer service, wide selection of vehicles, competiti...The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the United States Congress in 1798 during a period of tension with France. The acts were proposed by the Federalist Party, which was led by Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and President John Adams. The purpose of the acts was to reduce foreign influence in politics and the ...USA Patriot Act: The USA Patriot Act is an antiterrorism law enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 2001, at the request of then-President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks that took place on Sept. 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, D.C. Often referred to simply as the Patriot Act , it was signed by Bush on Oct. 26, 2001.The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the United States Congress in 1798 during a period of tension with France. The acts were proposed by the Federalist Party, which was led by Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and President John Adams. The purpose of the acts was to reduce foreign influence in …The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act ("Act") is a U.S. federal statute enacted to protect the public, especially children, from violent sex offenders, by implementing a more comprehensive, nationalized system for registration of sex offenders. The Walsh Act was signed into law in 2006. Moral Diplomacy.APUSH- Unit 7, Chapter 20- Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency. 6 terms. harrison_cantor. Preview. APUSH William Henry Taft-Sorta Progressive ... trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. Buna-Varilla Treaty. …Qu'est-ce que le Patriot Act ? Voici les principales informations sur le Patriot Act, voté par le Congrès américain suite aux attentats du 11 septembre. Histoire du texte. Le USA Patriot Act a été voté par le Congrès américain le 26 octobre 2001 afin de renforcer les pouvoirs des agences gouvernementales dans la lutte contre le ... Patriot act apush definition, USA PATRIOT Act, U.S. legislation happened by Congress in response to the Month 11, 2001, terrorist attacks real signed into law by President George W. Bush in October 2001. It significantly expanded the hunt both monitors capabilities of federal law-enforcement and smart agencies., APUSH 36-41 Key Terms. Term. 1 / 100. Employment Act of 1946. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 100. This act made it government policy to promote maximum employment. It also created the Council of Economic Advisors. , Belgium. Small European nation whose neutrality was vilated by Germany in the early adys of WWI. Serbia. Small European nation in which an Austro-Hungarian heir was killed, leading to the outbreak of WWI. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Herbert Croly, Arsene Pujo, Wilson's Platform and more., When it comes to college admissions, one of the most important decisions you’ll have to make is which standardized test to take – the SAT or the ACT. The first major difference bet..., Womens Liberation. -a 1960s political movement that was born from Second Wave Feminism. It refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence. Women wanted to be treated equally to men., USA Patriot Act: The USA Patriot Act is an antiterrorism law enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 2001, at the request of then-President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks that took place on Sept. 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, D.C. Often referred to simply as the Patriot Act , it was signed by Bush on Oct. 26, 2001., A Patriot association that formed in response to increased taxes by organizing and participating in boycotts of British goods. Intolerable Acts (1774) Also called the Coercive Acts, consisted of four separate legislative measure: the Boston Port Bill, the Government Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act., The Patriot Act increases the governments surveillance powers in four areas: Records searches. It expands the government’s ability to look at records on …, APUSH Chapter 40 and 41! Neoconservatives. Click the card to flip 👆. Reagan drew on the idea of these neoconservatives, they wanted free-market capitalism, and were very anti-Soviet. They questioned liberal welfare programs and called for a reassertion of traditional values of individualism and family. Click the card to flip 👆., People with borderline personality disorder may go through relationship cycles and stages. Here’s how they handle relationships. When a partner lives with borderline personality di..., Wounded Knee 1890, 2) Forced assimila4on- Dawes Severalty Act 1887 • Economics: 1) Subsidies to the railroad companies, 2) Homestead Act = cheap land ü The policy of laissez faire during the Gilded Age led to various social and polical problems • Economic: 1) growth of trusts/monopolies, 2) lack of enforcement of, The Patriot Act is legislation passed in 2001 to improve the abilities of U.S. law enforcement to detect and deter terrorism. The act’s official title is, “Uniting and..., American Revolution Apush. 1754-1763 was a global conflict between European nations, primarily Britain and France, that began in North America in 1754 and started in Europe in 1756. France after the war gave all of its North American territories to England and Spain, but the cost of the war damaged the British economy servely., APUSH Ch. 41. H. Ross Perot. Click the card to flip 👆. Presidential candidate in the 1992 election who won 20% of votes. He was a Texas billionaire who harped incessantly on the problem of the federal deficit and he had never held any office. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 10. , AP US History key acts of Congress from my REA test prep book Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free., The main purpose of the Patriot Act is to combat terrorism by tracing money that funds terrorist groups. What does it mean to be held under the Patriot Act? To be held under the Patriot Act is to be under surveillance, have communications be cut, and privacy non-existent., Patriot Honda in Ardmore, Oklahoma, is a leading dealership that offers a wide range of Honda vehicles to cater to the diverse needs of car buyers. Whether you are looking for a co..., Law. passed in response to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The Act, the purpose of which was to deter and punish terrorist acts, was controversial for some of its far-reaching measures. Its key provisions involved powers of surveillance, regulation of financial transactions, and border security., The CARES Act made a considerable impact on most people's taxes. Read up on what you should know before you file this April. Two consistent themes to the start of a new year seem t..., Dec 8, 2016 · The Espionage Act is a law that was created in 1917, shortly after the United States joined World War I. The Act was created to protect the United States by prohibiting its citizens from supporting the nation’s enemies during wartime. It also made it illegal for citizens to obstruct military operations during wartime, including recruitment., The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. dissolved many tribes as legal entities ..., Apr 13, 2024 · Patriot Act. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, [1] also known as the USA Patriot Act is an anti-terrorism law. It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks. At that time, President Bush had very high …, The origins of the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 stretch back to the US involvement in Afghanistan in the 1980s. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Osama bin Laden, the son of an extremely wealthy Saudi Arabian family, went to Afghanistan to organize the Arab mujahideen resistance to the Soviet occupation.Still in …, USA Patriot Act: The USA Patriot Act is an antiterrorism law enacted by the U.S. Congress in October 2001, at the request of then-President George W. Bush in response to the terrorist attacks that took place on Sept. 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, D.C. Often referred to simply as the Patriot Act , it was signed by Bush on Oct. 26, 2001., Law that allowed for popular sovereignty (people living in an area could decide if slavery would be allowed or not. Devised by Stephen Douglas) in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lawrence, Kansas, Caning of Sumner and more., The Patriot Act gives the authorities enhanced powers, such as looking up library records, to protect the country. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like New Federalism, Vietnamization, Kent State University and more., usa patriot act: A federal law enacted in response to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, The law, officially titled the Uniting and Strengthening …, APUSH Chapter 4 Key Terms. "I know not what courses others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death" From a speech to the Virginia House of Delegates to convince them to support the fight for independence., A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies., War Powers Act. Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period; 48 hours to inform congress. "Laws are suspended in times of war". , APUSH- Unit 7, Chapter 20- Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency. 6 terms. harrison_cantor. Preview. APUSH William Henry Taft-Sorta Progressive ... trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. Buna-Varilla Treaty. …, Administration of Justice Act, British act (1774) that had the stated purpose of ensuring a fair trial for British officials who were charged with capital offenses while upholding the law or quelling protests in Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was one of several punitive measures, known as the Intolerable Acts, that the British government enacted ..., There are many examples of patriotism. One example is learning about a nation's history. A second example is being informed on issues at various levels and being willing to stand up for those ..., Chapter 27 (APUSH) Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs.