Haplogroup e1b1b1

This is the worldwide project for haplogroup E1b1b1 (former E3b) and all its subclades. If your Y-DNA haplogroup has been confirmed or predicted as E1b1b1 (formerly known as E3b) or any of its subclades, you are cordially invited to join us in our quest to understand the bigger picture of our ancient Y-DNA lineage.

33 percent of men who live in the town of Abergele in North Wales have the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, probably from migrations from the Balkans. The sample size was 18. "'Extraordinary' genetic make-up of north east Wales men." BBC News (July 19, 2011). Dr. Andy Grierson of the University of Sheffield comments on the finding of E1b1b1 in a large ...We're exploring the top-tier loyalty programs in Las Vegas, as well as a few others you may find useful on your trip to Sin City. Editor’s note: This is a recurring post, regularly...Genetic studies of Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research in other fields, such as history, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology.These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish ethnic divisions.In particular, they examine whether there is a common …Six haplogroup C chromosomes (samples 34–39 in Table S1) were analyzed for the eleven haplogroup C-specific mutations and for SNPs defining branches C1 to C6 in the tree by Karafet et al. . Through this analysis we identified a chromosome from southern Europe as a new deep branch within haplogroup C (C-V20 or C7, Figure S1 ).Haplogroup E1b1b1 was observed in Shias only. Conclusion: The results revealed that a substantial part of today's North Indian paternal gene pool was contributed by Central Asian lineages who are Indo-European speakers, suggesting that extant Indian caste groups are primarily the descendants of Indo-European migrants. The presence of haplogroup ... About us. The E-M35 Phylogeny Project (formerly known as the E3b Y-DNA Project) is a repository of haplotype and haplogroup data collected from participants in many countries around the world. It is open to persons from all surnames and all geographical regions that have been predicted or tested as E1b1b1 (formerly E3b) in any of its subclades.

M215, most often found in conjunction with M35. In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215), previously known as E3b, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, which is a division of the macro haplogroup E, and which is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. [ 4][ 5][ 6] In other words it is one of the major paternal ... It belongs to haplogroup K2, a lineage representing only approximately 1% of chromosomes worldwide, and most common in East Africa and the Middle East. Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and … Haplogroup K itself is thought to have originated in Western Asia some 12,000 years ago. A 2006 study by Behar et al., [66] based on high-resolution analysis of Haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or "founder lineages", likely of mixed European and ... Oct 7, 2016 · Haplogroup O2a2a. - Taejo of Goryeo, founder of the Goryeo Dynasty, which ruled Korea from the 10th to the 14th century. - Hattori Hanzō, the famous samurai. Haplogroup O2a2b. - Qin Shi Huangdi, first emperor of China. - Taejo of Joseon, founder and the first king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. In each of the examined Armenian populations, we witness moderate levels of haplogroups T-M184, G-M201 and E1b1b1-M35. Interestingly, haplogroup T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three of the Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent descent in Sasun, comprising …Haplogroup E-M293 has been previously hypothesized to mark a recent gene flow (about 2 ka) through Tanzania to southern Africa, as a consequence of a migration of non-Bantu speaker pastoralists (Henn et al. 2008). Our data on the distribution and phylogeny of the E-V1515 haplogroup support and extend this hypothesis. We …Haplogroup E1b1b1 is a very Jewish line. (from Albert Benhamou) added 5/2/2012 Albert Einstein belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1b2* E-Z830, with a sample taken from a paternal descendants of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein. Also, According to a genetic study in December 2012, Ramesses ...

Phylogenetic trees. There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup E-P177. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet et al. (2008) and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center …not arise simultan eously. Introduction. There are seven Jewish clusters in haplogroup. E1b1b1 — two large, E1b1b1c1*-D1 a nd. E1b1b1c1a*-B (include a total of over 60% of the. Jews of ...Hot inflation numbers could be trouble for stocks and Airbnb's (ABNB) outlook is whacking its shares, writes stock trader Bob Byrne....ABNB Today kicks off two big days of econ...Ángel Carracedo, Paula Sánchez-Diz, Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo & Leonor Gusmão. European Journal of Human Genetics 21 , 324–331 ( 2013) Cite this article. 9845 Accesses. 13 Citations. 39 …Conquistadores E1b1b1 haplogroup which accounts for approximately 30% of Latin American Y-chromosomes. Conquistador meaning is "conqueror" in the Spanish and Portuguese languages is the term widely used to refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain …Most Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in Africa, however, is present within macrohaplogroup E that seem to have appeared 21 000–32 000 YBP somewhere between the Red Sea and Lake Chad. The combined analysis of 17 bi-allelic markers in 1214 Y chromosomes together with cultural background of 49 populations displayed in …

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Haplogroup E-M96 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is one of the two main branches of the older and ancestral haplogroup DE, the other main branch being haplogroup D. ... E-M35, also known as E1b1b1-M35, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M35 has two basal branches, E-V68 and E-Z827. E-V68 and E-Z827 are …We provide, for the first time, deep phylogenetic information on Afghan haplogroup memberships, and we also analyze 19 Y-chromosomal STRs allowing fine comparisons across and among populations. ... E1b1b1-M35 was found in Hazaras (5%) and Uzbeks (5.88%) but not in Pashtuns and Tajiks. RM network of E1b1b1-M35 shows …Abstract and Figures. The existence of common SNP mutations for a number of clusters, subclades and unclassified members of hap-logroup E1b1b1 was suggested. TMRCA of common branches for several ...Image Credits: Bryce Durbin Instagram is building its own version of Twitter’s Super Follow with a feature that would allow online creators to publish “exclusive” content to their ...

Other non-Bantu lineages found within this haplogroup are E1b1b1a-M78 and E1b1b1-M81, which have been frequently found in North Africa and also in Europe. 32 Both haplogroups G and N (accounting for two and one chromosomes, respectively) are rare in Africa, and their low frequency in this sample can most likely be explained by a recent … FamilyTreeDNA - Haplogroup E1b1a- V38 Project. The major branch points on our shared paternal lineage trace back through genealogy, history, antiquity, and ancient anthropology to reach our early hominid ancestors who lived in Africa. Recent (terminal) branches may be as recent as ten generations old or several thousand years. Haplogroup E1b1a- V38 Project - Y-DNA Classic Chart. For genealogy within the most recent fifteen generations, STR markers help define paternal lineages. Y-DNA STR markers change (mutate) often enough that most men who share the same STR results also share a recent paternal lineage. This page displays Y-Chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) STR results …The E1b1b1 haplogroup (formerly known as haplogroup E3b1) has been observed in all Jewish groups worldwide. It is considered to be the second most prevalent haplogroup among the Jewish population. According to one major paper it has also been observed in moderate numbers among individuals from Ashkenazi, ...The first tested in haplogroup E1b1b1. His pedigree traces back to Kent in a line very close to that of G. Marion Norwood Callam, who authored Norwoods I,II, III. Another descendant in this line tested R1b1b2, so these results were unexpected. The second participant from England tested in haplogroup I2a, a haplogroup that has its epicenter in ... In brief, a summary of papers [5, 6] reduces to the fact that different subclades of haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) have been presented in the Middle East from ancient times. From these subclades, the maximum time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) among Jews has E1b1b1c1 (M34) subclade: 3375±430 years ago. Revel is available in New York City and parts of New Jersey. All rides are in bright blue Teslas, and you can often save when using Revel! We may be compensated when you click on p...In particular, although the major focus of that review was upon Y haplogroup E1b1b1 (E-M35), similar to Cruciani et al, I suggested that in the specific case of speakers of the Chadic family of...Arabs are commonly associated with haplogroup J1 and haplogroup E1b1b1. These genetic markers trace their paternal lineage and have origins in the Caucasus region. Haplogroup J1 is particularly prevalent among Arabs and Cohanim populations, and it has expanded during the Neolithic period towards East Africa. 7.The E1b1b1 haplogroup (formerly known as haplogroup E3b1) has been observed in all Jewish groups worldwide. It is considered to be the second most prevalent haplogroup among the Jewish population. According to one major paper it has also been observed in moderate numbers among individuals from Ashkenazi, ...Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.E-V38 is primarily distributed in Africa.E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 and E-M2. E-M329 is a subclade mostly found in East Africa. E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of African Great …

Other non-Bantu lineages found within this haplogroup are E1b1b1a-M78 and E1b1b1-M81, which have been frequently found in North Africa and also in Europe. 32. Both haplogroups G and N (accounting ...

In brief, a summary of papers [5, 6] reduces to the fact that different subclades of haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) have been presented in the Middle East from ancient times.Round-trip flights to Orlando from west coast cities at under $300. A vacation to sunny Florida is always a cure for the winter blues. So, why not take advantage of these Alaska Ai...Haplogroup E1b1b1 lunes, 29 de octubre de 2012It is preferably to build a phyloge- netic tree (and then calculate its TMRCA) at the There are seven Jewish clusters in haplogroup maximum possible number of markers. 111- E1b1b1 — two large, E1b1b1c1*-D1 and marker haplotypes of clusters E1b1b1c1*-D1 and E1b1b1c1a*-B (include a total of over 60% of the E1b1b1c1a*-B are not available yet, so ...Jul 28, 2011 · Abstract and Figures. The existence of common SNP mutations for a number of clusters, subclades and unclassified members of hap-logroup E1b1b1 was suggested. TMRCA of common branches for several ... Origins [edit]. Underhill (2001) proposed that haplogroup E may have arisen in East Africa. Some authors as Chandrasekar (2007), accept the earlier position of Hammer (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in West Asia, given that: . E is a clade of haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, haplogroup D, being exclusively distributed in Asia.; DE …In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). [2]mtDNA haplogroup. K1a9. Jun 3, 2014. #8. So it according to ISOGG 2014 Y-DNA the clusters of E1b1b1 (the haplogroup I belong to) are seen today in Western Europe, Southeast Europe, the Near East, Northeast Africa and Northwest Africa. This brings up a question, if the clusters (or subclades, correct me if I'm wrong) of E1b1b1 are …

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The GDF6 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is part of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which is a group of proteins that help control the ...Haplogroup E1b1b1 was found in two individuals (one Anteony and one Ampanabaka). This haplogroup is generally attributed to eastern Africa and it is also found at moderate frequencies in North Africa and the Middle East. Haplogroup E2b was present in an Ampanabaka individual and was present at 7% in the Antalaotra.Barclays analyst Ramsey El Assal maintained a Buy rating on Fleetcor Technologies (FLT - Research Report) on November 4 and set a price target of ... Barclays analyst Ramsey El Ass...Haplogroup E1b1b1, which accounts for approximately 18 to 20 per cent of Ashkenazi and 8.6 per cent to 30 per cent of Sephardic Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population. This study, though scientific by nature, is inconclusive.’ History.com goes on to state that: The human Y-chromosome haplogroup E-V12 is a subclade of E-M78, which in turn is part of the larger haplogroup E1b1b1. [3] According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the E-V12 sublineage likely originated in Northern Africa. It has two main branches: E-V32 which is most common in the Horn of Africa, and E-CTS693 (previously known as E-V12*) which is ... This morning, a Lifehacker intern complained that the new Gmail made it too hard to see labels. Then a Lifehacker editor pitched in that the new Gmail makes it too hard to create f...Specifically, a Belgian scientist and a Belgian journalist tested the saliva of 39 of the Führer’s relatives and found one chromosome—Haplogroup E1b1b1, since you ask—which is traceable ...The study identified the deep ancient origins of Brahmins by tracing their Y-chromosome haplogroups and genetic markers on the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree. It was confirmed that the progenitors of this group emerged from at least 12 different geographic regions of the world. The study concluded that about 83% of the Brahmins in the dataset belonged ...Haplogroup E1b1b1, which accounts for approximately 18 to 20 per cent of Ashkenazi and 8.6 per cent to 30 per cent of Sephardic Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population. Many victims of Hitler's Holocaust, like Anne Frank, were Ashkenazi.Six haplogroup C chromosomes (samples 34–39 in Table S1) were analyzed for the eleven haplogroup C-specific mutations and for SNPs defining branches C1 to C6 in the tree by Karafet et al. . Through this analysis we identified a chromosome from southern Europe as a new deep branch within haplogroup C (C-V20 or C7, Figure S1 ). ….

In brief, a summary of papers [5, 6] reduces to the fact that different subclades of haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) have been presented in the Middle East from ancient times. From these subclades, the maximum time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) among Jews has E1b1b1c1 (M34) subclade: 3375±430 years ago. It comes at a time of …A-F) Haplogroup-frequency contour maps of the Mediterranean region The haplogroup percentages used for the contour map are shown in Table 1 . Each panel shows a different haplogroup: J1 (A) , J2 (B) , R1b (or R1(xR1a1)-as indicated in Table 1 ) (D) , … The first was a Central Asian lineage harbouring haplogroups R1 and R2. The second lineage was of Middle-Eastern origin represented by haplogroups J2*, Shia-specific E1b1b1, and to some extent G* and L*. The third was the indigenous Indian Y-lineage represented by haplogroups H1*, F*, C* and O*. Haplogroup E1b1b1 was observed in Shias only. The E1b1b1 haplogroup (formerly known as haplogroup E3b1) has been observed in all Jewish groups worldwide. It is considered to be the second most prevalent haplogroup among the Jewish population. According to one major paper it has also been observed in moderate numbers among individuals from Ashkenazi, ...Albert Einstein (born 1879-died 1955), Jewish physicist. According to the genetic test results of the descendants of Einstein's great-grandfather, Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Einstein belongs to the haplogroup E-Z830. Approximately 20% of German Jews belong to E1b1b. Stephen Arthur Pink (1954-), Canadian-American cognitive scientist …Dec 19, 2013 · Dec 19, 2013. #6. TheKingIam said: I HAVE NOTICED THAT, East African Somalis and Ethiopians are all carriers of an old subclade of E1B1B and they carry some European haplogroups. Berbers from coastal North Africa are also heavy E1B1B e-m81 carriers ( a newer subclade) and all their maternal haplogroups are European/Eurasian. The E Y-haplogroup has always been associated with Africa, but in Europe there is one ancient branch E-BY3880 (V13), which expanded out of Greece and the Balkans. ... Africa (Z958) and Europe (M2, mostly V38). Figure A1. Phylogenetic tree of E1b1b1 (M35) Source: Eupedia The prolific haplogroup M35 (E1b1b1] is the progenitor of V13 in Europe and ...Conquistadores E1b1b1 haplogroup which accounts for approximately 30% of Latin American Y-chromosomes. Conquistador meaning is "conqueror" in the Spanish and Portuguese languages is the term widely used to refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain … Haplogroup E1b1b1 Wikipedia (E1b1b): E-M215, also known as E1b1b and formerly E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a division of the macro-haplogroup E-M96, which is defined by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. E1b1b1 - E-M35. E1b1b1a2 - E-V13; E1b1b1c1 - E-M34; Famous Members. Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821), Emperor of the French; William Harvey (1578-1657, English physician; How to Participate. To participate in this project, join or follow the project, then add your oldest known ancestor who belonged to this haplogroup. Haplogroup e1b1b1, In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome ... Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) Found in Horn of Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe ..., Read about the progress made on our Today's Addition master bedroom home remodeling project. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radi..., Features of the Distribution of Haplogroups of the Y-Chromosome. The frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in a sample of men from St. Petersburg (N = 150) and previously obtained comparative data for Moscow [] are presented in Table 1.In the sample from St. Petersburg, the following Y-chromosome haplogroups are most …, 33 percent of men who live in the town of Abergele in North Wales have the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1, probably from migrations from the Balkans. The sample size was 18. "'Extraordinary' genetic make-up of north east Wales men." BBC News (July 19, 2011). Dr. Andy Grierson of the University of Sheffield comments on the finding of E1b1b1 in a large ..., The E1b1b1b-M81. haplogroup was most frequently observed among 295 men Berber-speaking. originating from Morocco, its frequency was 79.1% among Northern men, 89.8%. among men from Center and 98.5% ..., In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y …, Larger crypto investors "tended to sell their coins right before steep price declines, while smaller investors were still buying," a new study found. Jump to Cryptocurrency markets..., Descendants – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22. Descendants. T-zone. The spread of E-V22 descendants reaches a wide span. It’s like a T zone. Vertical: Egypt and the Southern Levant in the centre and Southwards to Horn of Africa. This is the oldest spread with the highest percentages up to 88% of the Saho in Eritrea., We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us., Haplogroup E-M78 is distributed over a wide area stretching from eastern (21.5%) and northern (18.5%) Africa to the Near East (5.8%) and Europe (7.2%), where it represents the most common E1b1b subhaplogroup . However, many of the newly described subhaplogroups of E-M78 have a much more limited geographical distribution., In particular, although the major focus of that review was upon Y haplogroup E1b1b1 (E-M35), similar to Cruciani et al, I suggested that in the specific case of speakers of the Chadic family of..., The E1b1b1b-M81. haplogroup was most frequently observed among 295 men Berber-speaking. originating from Morocco, its frequency was 79.1% among Northern men, 89.8%. among men from Center and 98.5% ..., Haplogroup K itself is thought to have originated in Western Asia some 12,000 years ago. A 2006 study by Behar et al., [66] based on high-resolution analysis of Haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or "founder lineages", likely of mixed European and ... , Need a container shipping company in San Francisco? Read reviews & compare projects by leading shipping companies. Find a company today! Development Most Popular Emerging Tech Deve..., Haplogroup E-P2, also known as E1b1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-P2 has two basal branches, E-V38 and E-M215. E-P2 had an ancient presence in East Africa and the Levant; presently, it is primarily distributed in Africa where it may have originated, and occurs at lower frequencies in the Middle East and Europe., mtDNA haplogroup. K1a9. Jun 3, 2014. #8. So it according to ISOGG 2014 Y-DNA the clusters of E1b1b1 (the haplogroup I belong to) are seen today in Western Europe, Southeast Europe, the Near East, Northeast Africa and Northwest Africa. This brings up a question, if the clusters (or subclades, correct me if I'm wrong) of E1b1b1 are …, Haplogroup E1b1b1, mainly in the form of its E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) sub-clade, reaches frequencies above 47% around the area of Kosovo. This clade is thought to have arrived in Europe from western Asia either in the later Mesolithic, or the Neolithic. North Africa subclade E-M81 is also present in Sicily and Andalusia. ..., Genetic studies of Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research in other fields, such as history, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology.These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish ethnic divisions.In particular, they examine whether there is a common …, The sector could create 330,000 jobs in the next five years. India’s major renewable energy push could be as much about poverty reduction and job creation as it is about energy sec..., Barclays analyst Ramsey El Assal maintained a Buy rating on Fleetcor Technologies (FLT - Research Report) on November 4 and set a price target of ... Barclays analyst Ramsey El Ass..., Haplogroup E1b1b1 was observed in Shias only. Conclusion: The results revealed that a substantial part of today's North Indian paternal gene pool was contributed by Central Asian lineages who are Indo-European speakers, suggesting that extant Indian caste groups are primarily the descendants of Indo-European migrants. The presence of haplogroup ..., 2) Haplogroup E and its parent clade haplogroup DE originated with Northeast Africans (or possibly even Near Easterners), not with Bantus. This is because Horners have the highest frequencies of haplogroup E, the highest variety of different sub-clades of the haplogroup (i.e. the highest diversity), and the exclusive presence of the …, Haplogroup E-P2, also known as E1b1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-P2 has two basal branches, E-V38 and E-M215. E-P2 had an ancient presence in East Africa and the Levant; presently, it is primarily distributed in Africa where it may have originated, and occurs at lower frequencies in the Middle East and Europe., According to the report, Haplogroup E1b1b1 accounts for about 18 to 20 percent of Ashkenazi and 8.6 percent to 30 percent of Sephardic Y-chromosomes. "It appears to be one of the major founding ..., Earlier this week, however, Belgium’s Knack Magazine reported that after tracking down and DNA testing 39 relatives of the Fuhrer, both in Europe and the United States, a chromosome called Haplogroup E1b1b1 showed up in the family samples., Earlier this week, however, Belgium’s Knack Magazine reported that after tracking down and DNA testing 39 relatives of the Fuhrer, both in Europe and the United States, a chromosome called Haplogroup E1b1b1 showed up in the family samples., Haplogroup E1b1b1, which accounts for approximately 18 to 20 per cent of Ashkenazi and 8.6 per cent to 30 per cent of Sephardic Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of ..., PMCID: PMC3573200. PMID: 22892526. The genetic landscape of Equatorial Guinea and the origin and migration routes of the Y chromosome …, Haplogroup E1b1b1 shows the greatest divergences, with F CT = 0.233, with p-value = 0.00067. The parameter set for BATWING is described in the …, E-M215 or E1b1b, formely known as E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at moderate frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia . Origins. , Dec 19, 2013 · Dec 19, 2013. #6. TheKingIam said: I HAVE NOTICED THAT, East African Somalis and Ethiopians are all carriers of an old subclade of E1B1B and they carry some European haplogroups. Berbers from coastal North Africa are also heavy E1B1B e-m81 carriers ( a newer subclade) and all their maternal haplogroups are European/Eurasian. , major focus of that review was upon Y haplogroup E1b1b1 (E-M35), similar to Cruciani et al, I suggested that in the specific case of speakers of the Chadic family of languages, the high frequency ..., Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing