Crosh shell

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1. Press and hold the following: Esc Refresh Power This will put your Chromebook into recovery mode a prompt window will pop up hit Enter, then Ctrl D, this will put you in Developer mode, after it loads it will beep press Ctrl D again and go through the set up prompts, when your set up press Ctrl Alt T to bring up Crosh now sudo commands will ...Crosh Shell as default New Tab page. Ask Question Asked 8 years, 11 months ago. Modified 5 years, 8 months ago. Viewed 1k times 2 I run crouton on my chromebook and use the Crosh shell pretty frequently. Is there any way to specify Crosh as the default New Tab on a Chromebook?Opening Crosh To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell opens in a new browser tab. From the Crosh prompt, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of “more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging.” We’ll cover some of the most ...Although not yet possible with Chrome beta version 117.0.5938.22, the above alludes to the possibility of still being able to run the sudo command in the VT-2 shell, let's hope that comes to fruition.. So, for the time being, short of rebuilding the board image with the flag(s) mentioned above, we can no longer run crouton as user 'chronos' …Run sudo bash chromeos-install.sh -src yourimage.bin -dst mountedlocation. PS the computer needs EFI support for this to work. If you want to try the legacy bios patch download the "mbr_support.tar.gz" from the main brunch repo and extract it into the same folder as the other two right before the last step.shell. By default, crosh doesn’t support all the Linux commands, not even cd or ls. But when you use shell, you can use the normal commands like ls and cd, and run shell scripts. Step 3: So, we have the crouton script already saved in the Downloads directory. All you need to do is run the following command:

Fortunately, the built-in terminal, CROSH, is an. Gaming. Xbox Nintendo PlayStation Twitch Discord Minecraft Steam. PC & Mobile. ... The "shell" command opens a Bash shell.The crosh commands are intended to be used for troubleshooting Chrome OS. Because it is not intended for frequent use, the crosh shell does not have an associated icon in the app launcher. The only way to get to it is via the Ctrl+Alt+T sequence.Then start the command prompt through VT-2 by pressing: Ctrl+Alt+→, or through crosh (Ctrl+Alt+T, then run the shell command). The developer mode shell is basically just bash, complete with sudo commands. Read through the linked document for how to make the filesystem writable (to save changes), how to leave developer mode, …The Developer Shell is a command-line interface that allows you to access various system diagnostics and features. Follow these steps to check your CPU using the Developer Shell: Press the 'Ctrl' + 'Alt' + 'T' keys simultaneously to open the crosh shell.This is the homepage/documentation for the crosh, the ChromiumOS shell. If you‘re on a CrOS devices right now, you should be able to launch crosh by hitting Ctrl+Alt+T. If you aren’t on CrOS, then most likely that won't do anything useful :). For Users. For using crosh, please see the public documentation. For ChromiumOS DevelopersOpening Crosh To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell opens in a new browser tab. From the Crosh prompt, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of "more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging." We'll cover some of the most interesting commands below.

In the crosh shell, you can enter basic commands like "help" to see the available commands and "help_advanced" for more advanced commands. The crosh helper command. The crosh shell allows you to run commands and check various aspects of your Chromebook. For example, you can use the "ping" command for network troubleshooting or the ...No, crosh is just for network debugging that also includes an ssh client. You can flip that developer switch under the battery and put your device in developer mode. This will give you a full working bash terminal when you press ctrl-alt-t instead of crosh. 3.Type shell to access the crosh shell. Enter the command crossystem dev_boot_usb=1 to enable USB booting. Insert your USB drive and restart your Chromebook. Press Ctrl+U during startup to open the boot menu and select your USB drive. This will allow you to boot from USB without needing to completely enable Developer Mode.Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.Apertura di Crosh Per aprire Crosh, premi Ctrl + Alt + T ovunque in Chrome OS. La shell Crosh si apre in una nuova scheda del browser. Dal prompt di Crosh, puoi eseguire il file Aiuto comando per visualizzare un elenco di comandi di base o eseguire il help_advanced comando per un elenco di "comandi più avanzati, utilizzati principalmente per il debug".

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What follows is a delightfully sneaky solution to a seemingly insurmountable problem: You can't sudo in the crosh shell, you can sudo in VT-2; however, VT-2 does not support an X session. Bare bones: Set up crouton in VT-2, run sshd, then from crosh shell ssh into localhost and startup your desktop! For some of you, the above will suffice.Google’s Chrome OS might appear to be an easy computing device OS aimed at human beings trying to get going fast on Chrome and its atmosphere of apps however there’s greater than what meets the eye. Like Windows and Linux, Chrome OS too features a command line interface dubbed Chrome Shell or Crosh. It lets you run various tests, …Hệ điều hành Chrome của Google bao gồm một môi trường hệ vỏ được gọi là Chrome Shell hoặc viết tắt là crosh '. Crosh bao gồm một số lệnh đầu cuối mà bạn có thể sử dụng trên tất cả các Chromebook, ngay cả khi bạn không bật chế độ nhà phát triển.If I do use `ctrl + Alt + T` in the normal user mode in Chromebook, it does work fine and I can access `shell`. It's probably to prevent guest users from interacting with chrome OS at a system level. It allows me to enter shell, however I cannot access important directories at all. /ect was not found and my user directory was shown as empty.If I do use `ctrl + Alt + T` in the normal user mode in Chromebook, it does work fine and I can access `shell`. It's probably to prevent guest users from interacting with chrome OS at a system level. It allows me to enter shell, however I cannot access important directories at all. /ect was not found and my user directory was shown as empty.

Opening Crosh. To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell will open in a browser tab. From here, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of “more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging.”.This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchJun 30, 2020 ... Use Crouton to back up your Ubuntu data. Launch the developer shell interface by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T. Type shell at the crosh prompt and press ...Wussten Sie, dass Chromebooks über ein integriertes Terminal verfügen? Dieses Terminal, bekannt als Chrome OS Developer Shell - oder kurz Crosh - ermöglicht Ihnen den Zugriff auf eine Befehlszeilenschnittstelle, mit der Sie Ihren Computer debuggen, Tests ausführen oder einfach nur zum Spaß herumstöbern können.2. Get the password in the Chromebook Crosh shell. Press Ctrl + Alt + T to enter Crosh shell. Type the following lines: shell sudo su cd home/root ls. You should get a code string that you have to copy. Then type cd and paste the string there. Press Enter afterward. Type the following command: shill/shill.profile.Shell command not working. I'm very confused right now, I typed the shell command into Crosh, but it said it was an unknown command. Many of the websites I've looked at have all said Developer Mode is needed, but I already have it enabled. I don't know what to do now and I can't find any more information that actually answers the question of ...Then start the command prompt through VT-2 by pressing: Ctrl+Alt+→, or through crosh (Ctrl+Alt+T, then run the shell command). The developer mode shell is basically just bash, complete with sudo commands. Read through the linked document for how to make the filesystem writable (to save changes), how to leave developer mode, …In order to use ADB and Fastboot on your Chromebook, you'll need to use something called Crosh---short for "Chrome Shell." Think of it as a sort of lightweight terminal just for Chrome OS. There are a couple of ways to access Crosh. To open it in a full browser window, just hit Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard.Step 0 : Disabling RootFS Verification (Only necessary for CloudReady with v66 and higher) Once you get in the crosh shell, type shell to open a command-line shell. Enter the following into the shell we just opened. sudo disable_verity && sudo reboot. Press Enter and your system will reboot after executing the command.Apple Still King, Dow Shell Game, More Market Faith, Renewed China Talks?: Market Recon...AAPL As we have stated here, the recently seen narrowing breadth in equity market success ...Instead, open the "crosh" shell by pressing the keyboard buttons CTRL, ALT, and t. Then manually start it from the command-line. advertisement. crosh> vmc start --enable-gpu --enable-vulkan ...

Membuka Crosh Untuk membuka Crosh, tekan Ctrl + Alt + T di mana saja di Chrome OS. Shell Crosh terbuka di tab browser baru. Dari prompt Crosh, Anda dapat menjalankan file Tolong perintah untuk melihat daftar perintah dasar atau menjalankan help_advanced perintah untuk daftar "perintah lebih lanjut, terutama digunakan untuk …

Mar 20, 2020 · 1. Press and hold the following: Esc Refresh Power This will put your Chromebook into recovery mode a prompt window will pop up hit Enter, then Ctrl D, this will put you in Developer mode, after it loads it will beep press Ctrl D again and go through the set up prompts, when your set up press Ctrl Alt T to bring up Crosh now sudo commands will ... Crosh: minimal CROss-platform SHell (WIP, code is not real yet) Crosh is a minimal Bash-like language for cross-platform scripting on Windows, macOS, and Linux. The goal is to cover up some of the major differences between PowerShell and Bash like behavior of mv, cp, basic file manipulation, environment variables, and basic control flow.Abrir Crosh Para abrir Crosh, presione Ctrl+Alt+T en cualquier lugar de Chrome OS. El shell de Crosh se abre en una nueva pestaña del navegador. ¿Cómo uso el shell de Chrome OS? Accediendo a la línea de comando en Chrome OS. La línea de comando en Chrome OS se llama Chrome Shell, CROSH para abreviar.# to entirely removing the use of $HOME. (Though HOME should be used as. # fall-back when DATA_DIR is unset.) # TODO (keescook): remove $HOME entirely … Developer Mode. This resource has migrated to the ChromeOS Developer Library hosted at chromium.org. Please update your links to point to the new location. Please see the library proposal for more information. This resource will be removed from the chromiumos/docs repository at the end of Q1 2024. Powerwash your Chromebook (this resets it back to factory settings). Unlock USB Booting: Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window. Type "shell" and press Enter. Enter "sudo crossystem dev_boot_usb=1" and press Enter. Set Sail: Boot from the USB Drive. Insert your prepared USB drive. Restart your Chromebook.This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear searchEnabling Developer Mode allows you to access the Chrome OS shell (crosh) and install Linux applications via the Crostini feature. It also provides the option to sideload Android apps and use the Chromebook in a more traditional Linux environment. Moreover, hobbyists and professional developers would like to do some coding on Chromebooks.To do this, open the Chrome OS terminal with Ctrl+Alt+T. Or, if you have Crosh Window installed, just launch that. Type "shell" at the prompt. From there, run this command to install Xiwi: sudo sh ~/Downloads/crouton -t xiwi -u -n xenial. Where "xenial" is the name of your chroot.

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Dear developers with a spare Chromebook lets inject a little personalization into your Crosh shell with custom fonts, the solarized theme, and extra secure shell options. Also, keep in mind that the terms Chrosh, Chrosh Window, and Secure Shell all refer to various versions and extentions built around the ChromeOS terminal. Settings that affect ...2. Get the password in the Chromebook Crosh shell. Press Ctrl + Alt + T to enter Crosh shell. Type the following lines: shell sudo su cd home/root ls. You should get a code string that you have to copy. Then type cd and paste the string there. Press Enter afterward. Type the following command: shill/shill.profile.Instead, open the "crosh" shell by pressing the keyboard buttons CTRL, ALT, and t. Then manually start it from the command-line. advertisement. crosh> vmc start --enable-gpu --enable-vulkan ...I pressed Ctrl+Alt+T and new tab opened with following screen: Welcome to crosh, the Chrome OS developer shell. If you got here by mistake, don't panic! Just close this tab and carry on. Type 'help' for a list of commands. crosh> shell. ERROR: unknown command: shell. crosh>. yet, shell returning unknown command.All that's needed is a quick jump over to the Chrome OS command terminal or 'shell', aptly dubbed as the CROSH, and maybe a bit of math for a deeper understanding of the battery portion.Product number. 5Z869EA. Product name. OMEN by HP Laptop 17-ck0433nw. Microprocessor. Intel® Core™ i7-11800H (up to 4.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology, 24 MB L3 cache, 8 cores, 16 threads) Chipset. Intel® HM570. Memory, standard.In a world where loyalty programs have become an integral part of our daily lives, Shell Rewards stands out as one of the most rewarding and customer-centric programs in the market...Opening Crosh. To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell will open in a browser tab. From here, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of "more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging." We'll cover some of the most interesting ones below.In this article, we will discuss 21 essential Crosh commands that can improve productivity and aid in troubleshooting for Chromebook users. Key Crosh Terminal Commands for Chromebook Users. Here's a quick reference list of important Crosh commands: Open Crosh: Ctrl + Alt + T. Ping: ping [domain] Test memory: memory_test. … ….

Crosh -- The ChromiumOS Shell. See the developer library for using crosh nowadays:Use these steps to evaluate the health of the Chromebook battery and check the discharge rate in the ChromeOS Shell (CROSH). Disconnect the AC adapter from the Chromebook. Turn on the Chromebook and sign in to your account. Close any open apps or tabs and reduce the screen brightness to the lowest level.Instale Kali Linux. Una vez que haya descargado Crouton con éxito, podemos proceder a instalar Kali Linux en Chromebook. Primero, ingrese a la Terminal Crosh usando la combinación de teclado Ctrl + Alt + T. Escriba shell para iniciar el shell de ChromeOS. terminal de crosh. Después de iniciar un Shell, ahora podemos comenzar a instalar Kali ...Can someone explain crosh and shell on Chrome OS? I keep hearing about Dev Mode and crosh and shell, but I can't find any information describing these in layman's terms. Could you explain or post links? ... Crosh is the term used to describe the terminal emulator in ChromeOS. Reply More posts you may like.1. If you want to simulate Ctrl + Insert on a Chromebook you can press the. Ctrl + search key + period key (.) at the same time. The search key is located above the shift key on the left. Shift + Insert can be done via. Shift + search key + period key.Chrome Shell (CROSH) is a command line interface similar to the Linux BASH or Windows command (cmd.exe) terminals. Chrome OS is based on Linux, but CROSH does not recognize most Linux commands. The most useful commands for troubleshooting would be memtest, storage_test_1 and storage_test_2, ping, and tracepath. Ping works differently than it ...crosh> shell. chronos@localhost~ $ mv / /dev/null. Warning, this will wipe your entire system by moving your root directory into the black hole of /dev/null which destroys all input. If we're destroying data we might as well have fun as we do it. sudo find / -type f -exec dd if=/dev/random of={} bs=1024 count=4 \;The Crosh shell in a browser tab (Image credit: Fernando Cassia) Linux environment: a better Linux than Linux. If you type chrome-untrusted://crosh/ or press Ctrl-Alt-T, you get a browser tab with ... Crosh shell, Step 0 : Disabling RootFS Verification (Only necessary for CloudReady with v66 and higher) Once you get in the crosh shell, type shell to open a command-line shell. Enter the following into the shell we just opened. sudo disable_verity && sudo reboot. Press Enter and your system will reboot after executing the command., The shell on TTY2 is the same shell as when you run shell in Crosh, except it does not automatically log you in. There is usually no reason to use TTY2 over Crosh shell. What you did was press Ctrl+Alt+F2, which on any Linux-based OS will normally switch the display to TTY2 and start a new shell. TTY is a standard used to manage input/output ..., Is it possible to have command-line access to Google Drive from the crosh shell? Conceivably, something like: cd ~/'Google Drive' In my current environment Developer is enabled so I've got root access to ChromeOS. The Files App is a useful GUI, but I'm looking for command line access to the same file systems. Something I can run …, crosh (Chrome OS shell): A restricted developer shell for running a handful of commands. Crostini: An umbrella name for providing a polished UI experience to run Linux apps. crosvm: The Chrome OS Virtual Machine Monitor (akin to QEMU). Garcon: Daemon in the container for passing requests between the container and Chrome via concierge., Read. < Chrome OS devices. Crostini is Google's umbrella term for making Linux application support easy to use and integrating well with Chrome OS. This article describes how to install Arch Linux on a Chromebook in a container (via Crostini), without needing to enable developer mode, allowing apps to run alongside other Chrome/Android apps., Mar 29, 2024 · Opening Crosh To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell opens in a new browser tab. From the Crosh prompt, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of “more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging.” We’ll cover some of the most ... , REALLY READ THIS: Under ChromeOS, starting with R117, this script must be run from a VT2 terminal (from login screen: CTRL+ALT+F2, login 'chronos'); it cannot be run from a crosh shell (CTRL+ALT+T when logged in) due to the removal of sudo, or from a crostini (penguin) terminal; crostini is a virtualized container and lacks the necessary access ..., The shell on TTY2 is the same shell as when you run shell in Crosh, except it does not automatically log you in. There is usually no reason to use TTY2 over Crosh shell. What you did was press Ctrl+Alt+F2, which on any Linux-based OS will normally switch the display to TTY2 and start a new shell. TTY is a standard used to manage input/output ..., The crosh shell is the only level of Linux shell that you can get with a ChromeBook without enabling Developer Mode which means you must heed this warning: Caution: Modifications you make to the system are not supported by Google, may cause hardware, software or security issues and may void warranty. , The Crosh shell terbuka di tab browser baru. Dari prompt Crosh, Anda dapat menjalankan. help. perintah untuk melihat daftar perintah dasar atau menjalankan perintah. help_advanced. perintah untuk daftar "perintah yang lebih canggih, terutama digunakan untuk debugging." Kami akan membahas beberapa perintah paling menarik …, Here are a few of our favorites: 1. Use the alt + search keys to open up a crosh shell. This is a great way to troubleshoot any issues you may be having with your Chromebook. 2. Press alt + shift + t to open up a new tab in Chrome without using your mouse. 3. Hold down alt and press enter to open up the task manager., Chrome Shell (CROSH) is a command line interface similar to the Linux BASH or Windows command (cmd.exe) terminals. Chrome OS is based on Linux, but CROSH does not recognize most Linux commands. The most useful commands for troubleshooting would be memtest, storage_test_1 and storage_test_2, ping, and tracepath. Ping works differently than it ..., Step 1. Open the Crosh shell by pressin͏g Ctrl+Alt+T altogether. Step 2.͏ Type " shell " ͏in the terminal wind͏ow and pres͏s the Enter key. Step 3. Then type " sudo startxfce4 ," in͏ the ..., The Crosh shell terbuka di tab browser baru. Dari prompt Crosh, Anda dapat menjalankan. help. perintah untuk melihat daftar perintah dasar atau menjalankan perintah. help_advanced. perintah untuk daftar "perintah yang lebih canggih, terutama digunakan untuk debugging." Kami akan membahas beberapa perintah paling menarik …, Crosh Commands. Just like windows and a lot of other applications, Chromebook OS also has its own Command Shell which is called Crosh. This is sometimes also referred to as Chrome Shell.You can't access all of the commands without turning on the developer mode but it allows you to access the important ones in general., Crosh, or Chrome OS Developer Shell, is a gateway for power users to enhance their Chromebook experience. This section dives into some advanced Crosh commands that offer a deeper level of control. Tracepath is a tool for analyzing the route data packets take to their destination. It's helpful for diagnosing network issues., Crosh: minimal CROss-platform SHell (WIP, code is not real yet) Crosh is a minimal Bash-like language for cross-platform scripting on Windows, macOS, and Linux. The goal is to cover up some of the major differences between PowerShell and Bash like behavior of mv, cp, basic file manipulation, environment variables, and basic control flow., Opening Crosh. To open the Crosh, press Ctrl+Alt+T anywhere in Chrome OS. The Crosh shell will open in a browser tab. From here, you can run the help command to view a list of basic commands or run the help_advanced command for a list of “more advanced commands, mainly used for debugging.” We’ll cover some of the most …, When it comes to installing a pool, many homeowners consider fiberglass pool shells due to their durability and low maintenance requirements. However, some may be drawn to the idea..., I just bought a new Chromebook. I downloaded Chrouton and typed "sudo sh ~/Downloads/crouton -t xfce" into Crosh > Shell. Then I received the following message:" We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things: 1) Respect the privacy of others. 2) Think before you type., Yes, openssh-server is running in the Crostini VM and I have sshd_config setup to listen on a specific port for the connection. As I said I can SSH in from the Chromebook Crosh Shell no problem using the username of the Crostini VM and Crostini VM local IP 100.115.92.XXX :<port listening>. The issue is getting the Chromebook to forward the ..., Crosh Shell crashing #1532. Open treypop opened this issue Apr 29, 2022 · 1 comment Open ... cras_server[1439]: Unable to find the best channel map 2022-04-29T17:06:40.443064Z INFO kernel: [ 957.906228] traps: crosh[8261] trap invalid opcode ip:555a5ee38b53 sp:7ffcdde4cbe0 error:0 in crosh[555a5ed40000+1e6000] 2022-04-29T17:06:40.516375Z ..., Crosh shell command ERROR Troubleshooting Was playing with my new Pixel Slate got from Black Friday deal: when I typed `shell` in Crosh, it says it's an unknown command. Does anyone know why this is happening? Do I need to put the machine in the dev channel or do something special to access `shell` in Crosh? Thx, 要打开SHELL，请遵循下面的说明：. 打开Chrome浏览器。 同时按Ctrl + Alt + t键。屏幕上应出现界面。 （图 1屏幕上的终端窗口） 键入CROSH命令进行故障诊断。键入"help"获取可用命令列表。键入"help_advanced"显示用于调试目的的更完整的命令列表。或者也可参阅下面的命令列表。, El shell de Crosh se abre en una nueva pestaña del navegador. Desde el indicador de Crosh, puede ejecutar el ayuda comando para ver una lista de comandos básicos o ejecutar el help_advanced comando para obtener una lista de "comandos más avanzados, utilizados principalmente para depurar". A continuación, cubriremos algunos de los comandos ..., Crosh Command Usage; exit: To exit the CROSH Shell. help: To display the list of help commands and their details. help_advanced: To display the help for more advanced commands that are useful for debugging. ping: To send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to a network host. ssh: To start the ssh subsystem. ssh_forget_host: To remove a host from the list ..., Collaborator. Chrome version M117+ removes the sudo command which brings up some questions for the continued use of crouton. When entering a crosh shell session we now get the following message: Sudo commands will not succeed by default. If you want to use sudo commands, use the VT-2 shell., Need a kitchen table, a road bike or an acoustic guitar? You could browse the big box stores and shell out the cash for a new model. Need a kitchen table, a road bike or an acousti..., October 2, 2014. To properly go under the hood and hack around on a Samsung Chromebook 2, you'll need to put it into developer mode. Whether using crosh or installing Chromium or other operating systems or just doing some pretty cool stuff, you'll need to throw the thing into developer mode. Because you have so much control you should leave ..., Crosh, short for Chrome OS Shell, is a versatile and powerful tool built into Chromebooks that allows users to access a command shell environment. Whether you need to troubleshoot issues, perform advanced system tasks, or simply explore the inner workings of your Chromebook, knowing how to open Crosh is essential., Jul 4, 2011 · mode through the crosh > shell Yesterday, if i haven't made a mistake (i'm beginner), i've built with "--withdev" and i've got "/root/.dev_mode" on my usb key, but now there is not any more shell. With "ctrl + alt +f12". i can log chronos with my password. The only difference with last week is that i've grab complete new sources. , Essential Crosh Terminal Commands for Chromebooks Open Crosh: Ctrl + Alt + T. Ping: ping [domain] Test memory: memory_test. Change mouse settings: xset m. Change keyboard settings: inputcontrol. Configure modem: modem help. Rollback Chrome OS: rollback. Stop a process in Crosh: Ctrl + C., Fourth: a) open a terminal with 'ctrl + alt + t' b) type in crosh 'shell' c) type in the shell 'cd ~/Downloads' d) get root with 'sudo su' e) run the script selinux.sh with following command and watch the output, its interactive 'sh selinux.sh' Fifth: install SuperSU-v2.8.2.apk just by doubleklick it. changelog: v0.10 initial release. by Gerri