Can drug dogs smell thc pens

Apr 27, 2018 · These pooches are highly trained to use their superpower noses to sniff out all kinds of odors, ranging from illicit drugs and explosives to lost humans. So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, dogs are able to sniff it out, even if the vape pen is ...

Can drug dogs smell thc pens. Unlike drug dogs, police dogs usually get trained to smell bombs and not drugs. Thus, it’s not likely that they’ll detect CBD oil in you. According to police dog handlers and customs officials, drug dogs get trained to detect two to five different substances. If police or customs dog gets trained to smell cannabis or CBD, they can …

Technically, yes, drug dogs could be trained to detect CBD. But don’t freak out just yet. Take note of the phrase “can be trained to detect CBD.”. This means that handlers would have to dedicate a lot of their time towards training them to smell CBD – which isn’t likely.

Drug dogs are dogs trained to solely detect the smell of marijuana. Each dog has its own unique smell, and it can sniff out cannabis with up to 99.5% accuracy. Most drug dogs are German Shepherds, but there are other breeds that are used, including Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers, and Australian shepherds, as well as a number of less ...In others, it appeared inadvertent. Either way, the dog could tell that its master wanted a positive result, so the dog gave it to him. So, basically, if a cop summons a drug dog to search you, it will probably register a positive whether you have drugs or not. Here's one study on it. I can easily smell an edible, so yes. 100% yes. 100%, for ...THC carts, also known as THC vape cartridges, have become increasingly popular in recent years as a discreet and convenient way to consume cannabis. These small, portable devices contain concentrated THC oil and are used with a vape pen or battery. But can dogs detect the scent of THC carts? The answer is yes, dogsThese gummies, which often resemble regular candy, can contain THC, the psychoactive component of cannabis. Drug dogs are highly trained to detect the smell of drugs, including marijuana. However, with the rise of edible gummies, some experts argue that drug dogs may become confused, as the scent of these products can be easily masked.Absolutely. Police or customs canines trained to sniff out cannabis or THC will still be able to do so if the drug is in a vape juice cartridge. I live in a border town USA/Mexico. I've crossed the border multiple times with a cart/battery pen and disposable pens. Never has the US customs or Mexico customs dog alerted.

Aug 18, 2023 · Can drug dogs smell dab pens in a car? Some drug dogs may still be trained to detect the aroma of cannabis products, including dab pens. If a specially trained K9 unit is allowed entry into your vehicle, for instance, it is almost guaranteed to detect the presence of vape or dab pens. Drug dogs have a highly trained sense of smell, with which they can smell weed pens from many meters away, even if the pen is small and very discreet. Do weed pens set off metal detectors? Not all weed pens are made of metal materials, so if you carry one made of plastic materials, you will not set off the alarm of the metal detector.Key Takeaways: Delta-8 THC can be detectable in drug tests, but the duration varies based on the type of test, frequency of use, and individual factors.; Understanding the regulations surrounding delta-8 THC and drug testing is crucial to navigate the process successfully.; Delta-8 THC is a cannabinoid that shares similarities with delta-9 THC, potentially resulting in a positive test for THC.Dog owners are no strangers to their canine companions coming home with a strange smell or two hanging around their fur or feet. But many dog owners also notice one smell above all...While dogs can smell drugs, they cannot detect the quantity of drugs they can smell. All the dog knows that there is a scent of drugs on a certain person. This is not to say that NSW police sniffer dogs are useless. What drugs can a k9 detect? Drug Busters: Washington State Department of Corrections' […]We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.

On average, hidden drug samples were indicated by dogs after 64s searching time, with 87.7% indications being correct and 5.3% being false. In 7.0% of trials dogs failed to find the drug sample within 10min. Do drug dogs actually work? Research suggests drug-dogs are right about half the time Some analyses suggest the dogs are […]Marijuana will affect each dog differently. Most dogs may act more drowsy or lethargic, while others will be more hyperactive. Other signs of marijuana toxicosis include imbalanced gait, lack of coordination, dilated pupils, excessive drooling and urinary incontinence. Dogs can also vomit, and more severe cases can involve tremors and seizures.Some dogs may experience hyperactivity and restlessness, while others may become lethargic as if sedated. Drooling and/or vomiting may occur as a result of nausea. It can take as long as 18 to 36 hours for a dog to recover from the effects of cannabis ingestion. Fortunately, marijuana toxicity is not likely to cause death, but seizure or coma ...A healthy human can take up to 1,500 mg a day without any issues. You also should not fail a drug test. As many people in the industrial hemp-derived CBD industry will tell you, CBD works best when it is used regularly. It takes consistent use of CBD to fully benefit from its effects resulting from the interactions in your body.The calming effect of CBD can also cause slight drowsiness, especially when using higher doses. Can dogs smell out CBD? Drug detection canines trained to find CBD products can smell beta-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide found in many cannabis strains. Therefore, any cannabis-finding drug dogs on duty will likely flag your luggage.May 28, 2022 · So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, dogs are able to sniff it out, even if the vape pen is small and discrete. Can drug dogs smell concentrates? While different breeds have different abilities, all dogs are capable of sniffing

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There's a few things that are essentially impossible to hide from dogs and weed is prolly #1. Reply reply. iROLL24s. •. Wear gloves and vacuum seal! Dog can't smell through the plastic if the smell can't go through the plastic… then make sure the outside of the package is absolutely free of smells.Drug dogs are not allowed to sniff out most food items since most drug dogs are trained to use drug substances. However, drug dogs can smell edibles if they have been trained to detect cannabis food items. There are two drug detection dogs that work for the federal government that smell out marijuana edibles. These drug detection dogs cannot be ...While the use of marijuana may be legal in certain situations, it is still important to hide the smell of weed from dogs in certain circumstances. Dogs are often used in law enforcement to detect drugs, and if a dog detects the smell of marijuana, it can lead to serious consequences, including legal issues and potential arrest.Everyone has a favorite pen—a writing implement that once they've used it, they want to make sure no one else gets their hands on for as long as possible. Last week, we asked you w...A weed pen, or THC oil pen is a relatively simple, two-part electronic device used to vaporize THC oil, delta 8 THC carts and other cannabis distillates. An evolution of early vape pens, weed vape pens are most often shaped like writing pens—hence the name. Sometimes they are referred to as a cartridge battery.Sure, a freshly cut Christmas tree smells great — for a few weeks while you’re also dealing with the high cost, the hauling home, the dog drinking its water and the eventual crispy...

Can dogs smell pills is the ability of a dog's sense of smell to detect medication in various forms such as capsules, tablets, and liquids. Dogs have a highly sensitive sense of smell which allows them to pick up on subtle scents that humans cannot perceive. Dogs are capable of detecting different types of medications by their unique odor ...The fact that dogs can smell a ton of odors all at once leads users and dealers of marijuana to take a second thought before bringing cannabis to the border. Dogs rely on scents wafting from objects, including THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana. However, as states are increasingly legalizing marijuana use, police and …The dogs' noses are so sensitive that they can smell a marijuana seed from up to 15 feet away and marijuana residue on clothing from drugs smoked two nights before. What smell dogs hate? Perfumes, ammonia-based cleaning products, vinegar, citrus, and chili peppers are among the smells dogs will do their best to avoid.Yes, drug dogs can smell weed edibles. Dan Hayter, founder of K9 Global Training Academy and a former chief of the military drug dog trainer, agrees that edibles aren’t impossible to trace. ... Dogs can detect the scent of marijuana quite easily, but they cannot tell the difference between marijuana and other drugs. Final Word.THCA is the original form of THC; this is how it's produced in the cannabis plant. The plant makes THCA that is converted into THC during smoking. The main difference between the two cannabinoids, is that THCA won't make you high, as it doesn't interact with the CB1 receptors the same way.On average, hidden drug samples were indicated by dogs after 64s searching time, with 87.7% indications being correct and 5.3% being false. In 7.0% of trials dogs failed to find the drug sample within 10min. Do drug dogs actually work? Research suggests drug-dogs are right about half the time Some analyses suggest the dogs are […]The Astonishing Truth: Can Drug Dogs Smell Unopened Vape Pens. Drug dogs have an incredible sense of smell, but their ability to detect unopened vape pens can vary based on several factors. One of the key factors is the odor emitted by the vape pen itself. While some vape pens have a distinctive smell that drug dogs can detect, others may be ...If the drug testing companies had their way it would be common practice to subject students to urinalysis. Everyone's right, the dogs will smell it. Unless my desktop vape (Arizer EQ) is absolutely clean, I can smell it myself when I come into my bedroom. It's pleasant, though, since I don't need to hide it.Can Airport Drug Dogs Smell Marijuana Carts? Yes, airport drug dogs smell vape pens, and the dogs smell dab pens as well. But that is not what most drug dogs are trained to detect. Sniffer dogs have to be trained on a specific substance to detect it, so with your vape pens, even though the drug dogs smell it, they will not necessarily hone in ...Download Article. Yes, but not all drug dogs are trained to detect it. In many cases, drug-detecting dogs are trained to sniff out illegal drugs like heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and meth. [1] However, some dogs are trained to detect the scent of nicotine—these dogs are sometimes hired to sniff for vapes and similar paraphernalia (like ...Spicy - while spicy scents can come from many terpenes in nature, in cannabis it's usually due to the presence of beta-caryophyllene. Also found in black pepper and cinnamon, BCP has a distinctly spicy note. Coffee - the same compound that can produce the skunky smell in cannabis also contributes to the sharp, acidic scent of coffee.

Drug sniffing dogs are trained to detect certain narcotics (commonly methamphetamine, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy). It is not uncommon for a cop ...

Published by June 21, 2023 Modified by June 26, 2023. Short answer what drugs do dogs sniff for: Dogs can be trained to sniff out a variety of illegal drugs, including cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. They can also detect certain prescription medications and chemicals used in explosives. Contents.The Bug Rx oil vape pen from Mig Vapor uses a 1.2-ohm coil in a 1.2 ml tank and a huge 1100mAh battery. The ceramic coil, as well as the double-sealed ceramic mouthpiece, ensure quality vapor every time. This simple and durable oil vape pen goes for $39.95, which makes it the most affordable weed vape online.Indices Commodities Currencies StocksThe drug spreading in the foil is less. That is why you can keep the drugs in it. Oil can be the best option to hide the illegal weeds. Oil also has a very low spread rate. Many people use oil to hide edibles like marijuana and other weeds. Can Dogs Smell Edibles – can drug dogs smell edibles – can tsa dogs smell ediblesCannabis carts, particularly those containing high-purity THC distillates, emit less scent compared to traditional marijuana flower. This reduced odor makes it harder for drug-detection canines to pick up the distinct smell associated with cannabis. Moreover, the packaging and concealment methods further complicate the detection process.Even unopened vape pens can be detected by drug dogs due to their strong sense of smell. Our Recommend. 9.3. SPIRITBAR Katana BP10000 . Slender, leather-textured body reminiscent of a katana handle for an authentic samurai feel ... if a police or customs dog has been trained to smell for cannabis or THC, they can detect it in a …Technically, yes, drug dogs could be trained to detect CBD oil products. Pay attention to the words: “can be trained to detect CBD.”. This means that handlers would have to dedicate a lot of their time towards training them to smell CBD – which isn’t likely. As soon as the human body starts to metabolize the substance, a series of ...With cannabis legalization spreading across North America, more people are using cannabis cartridges or 'carts'. Naturally, questions arise around how discreet and undetectable cart usage is, especially around drug dogs. Can drug dogs smell carts?Yes! Drug dogs are trained and worked to detect even the smallest trace amounts of a substance. In your marijuana vape devices, this can be as little as 0.3% THC and the dog’s sense of smell will tell it that you are carrying an illicit substance. While we are certain none of you reading are looking to smuggle illegal drugs beyond a security ...

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Can drug dogs smell DAB pens in a car? So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, dogs are able to sniff it out, even if the vape pen is small and discrete.Sep 16, 2022 · Can Drug Dogs Smell Delta 8 Pens? Whether you’re wondering if dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is a resounding yes. A dog’s nose is so sensitive that it may pick up the odor of marijuana or tobacco even if you inhale it via a small vape pen. Can Drug Dogs Smell Delta 8 Gummies? So, can dogs smell delta 8 gummies? As with edibles, drug ... A healthy human can take up to 1,500 mg a day without any issues. You also should not fail a drug test. As many people in the industrial hemp-derived CBD industry will tell you, CBD works best when it is used regularly. It takes consistent use of CBD to fully benefit from its effects resulting from the interactions in your body.Lasting only a few seconds, echoic memory is the short-term recall of sounds we hear everyday. It can be a door bell ringing, dog barking, or clicking of a pen. The ultra-short-ter...Soak/wash the fuck out of each layer before sealing it in another layer. Do that a couple times. The washing is to remove residue that's probably on the outside. Then change your clothes and shower thoroughly. You want to do it close to getting on the train because the smell will eventually start leaking out.May 28, 2022 · So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, dogs are able to sniff it out, even if the vape pen is small and discrete. Can drug dogs smell concentrates? While different breeds have different abilities, all dogs are capable of sniffing Similar to how drug dogs can detect vape pens with marijuana, they can also smell wax pens. Can drug dogs smell Delta-8 carts? While drug dogs can detect Delta-8 THC, their priority is typically hard drugs rather than carts.For example, research published in 2019 found they dogs can accurately sniff out cancer in blood. If dogs can smell cancer cells, they can certainly smell tobacco and nicotine products such as cigarettes, juice, and gum. “Dogs have smell receptors 10,000 times more accurate than humans’, making them highly sensitive to odors we can’t ... ….

The simple answer: it’s still technically illegal to fly with weed, but TSA isn’t interested in busting you for a vape pen and a few joints in your 420 travel kit. “TSA security officers do not search for marijuana.”. – TSA.gov. The long answer is, it’s a …my buddy keith brought a d8 disposable to school one time and the dogs took his hands and feet and eyes and tongue, wouldnt recommend. I brought a vape to school the other day and the street dogs took my backpack took out the vape and started hitting it while humping me. They can barely smell actual bombs lol u good homeboy.Dogs can be trained to detect nicotine if needed. The majority of drug dogs are not specifically trained to detect nicotine. Their incredible sense of smell makes them highly effective in detecting a wide range of substances. The legality of tobacco and nicotine products may impact the training focus of drug dogs.A THC vape pen is a power source that heats up a vape tank or THC cartridge to produce vapor. They’re rechargeable battery-powered devices that are pocket-sized and cylindrical – hence, the name “pen.” THC Vape pens first hit the cannabis vaping scene around 2011 from companies like Brass Knuckles, Kingpen and Legion then shortly after were …Can drug dogs pick up dab pens? So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, dogs are able to sniff it out, even if the vape pen is small and discrete.As smoking alternatives get more and more creative, one can only wonder whether drug dogs are able to keep up. So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell wax pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. Whether you're inhaling marijuana or tobacco, pups are able to sniff it out. ️ Buy Pure Delta 8 Gummies … Read more "Can drug dogs smell wax pen?"Reads 67. Many people are wondering if drug dogs can smell delta 8 disposables, and the answer is most likely yes. Drug dogs have an incredibly keen sense of smell, and are trained to sniff out a variety of different drugs. Delta 8 is a relatively new type of cannabis, and while it is not yet as popular as some other types of cannabis, it …We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.10 Min Read. HowPetCare will dig into this article to explore whether dogs have the incredible ability to detect drugs hidden inside humans. We'll also look at the tactics people use to avoid detection by drug-sniffing dogs and whether they actually work. If you're curious about how these amazing canines are used in law enforcement, keep reading! Can drug dogs smell thc pens, So, drug dogs can in fact detect vapes and dab pens depending on what’s in the juice and cartridge. Usually, drug dogs are trained to only detect between two and five different substances. These dogs are able to separate odors that are mixed up. Even if cannabis/THC is in liquid form and mixed in with nicotine vape liquid, they may and likely ..., State-of-the-art equipment like the Hound and Vapor wake dogs are used to detect Delta-8 THC products like Pens. These THC detecting tools work by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques targeting delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol; the main compound found in marijuana. Delta-8 represents a challenge when it comes to …, Yes, drug-sniffing police dogs can smell marijuana-infused edibles and THC gummies by detecting the aromatic terpenes found in cannabis plants and because a canine's sense of smell is up to 100,000 times stronger than a human's., Carnival Wants to Sniff Out Pot Smokers. While the cruise lines have banned marijuana consumption and there are stories shared on social media of people getting kicked off for smoking, enforcement ..., The $13.6 billion legalized cannabis industry is booming; it’s projected to grow to a whopping $85 billion in sales in 2030. Starting a Business | Data-Driven Reports WRITTEN BY: V..., When the dog sniffs the coffee, ignore them. But when they move towards the drugs, say "Yes". Again, the dog is learning they are rewarded for finding drugs but not coffee. Finally, hide the drugs inside a canister of coffee. This has the potential to confuse the dog, but if they learned their lessons properly, they will still detect and point ..., Dogs have an insane sense of smell and its not that difficult for them to detect the oil. Maybe depending on the THC concentration some will pass. Unfortunately, when I was in school I had a friend with a Sourin Drop vape with THC vape juice inside and our campus resource officer came into our classroom with a drug dog ( our campus was subject ..., Aug 26, 2023 · Drug-detection dogs can smell dab pens, even if they are small and discreet. Dogs are trained to detect a wide range of illicit substances, including marijuana and tobacco. While dogs may not alert their handlers to the scent of tobacco from a dab pen, they are highly observant creatures and can pick up on changes in human behavior and body odors. , Virginia is set to legalize the possession of up to an ounce of cannabis beginning in July. That means the "early retirement" of at least 15 drug-sniffing dogs throughout the state, as the AP ..., So, while drug dogs can smell vape pens and cartridges with cannabis or nicotine in them, even if they are disguised or vacuum-sealed, the exact capabilities of …, Can dogs smell pills is the ability of a dog's sense of smell to detect medication in various forms such as capsules, tablets, and liquids. Dogs have a highly sensitive sense of smell which allows them to pick up on subtle scents that humans cannot perceive. Dogs are capable of detecting different types of medications by their unique odor ..., To put it plainly, yes, dogs can detect the smell of edibles. Our canine friends have highly developed scent receptors and are 10,000 to 100,000 times more apt at detecting smells than humans. To be more precise, doggos have a staggering 300 million olfactory receptors, compared to humans who only have a modest 6 million., Dogs possess around 300 million olfactory receptors in their noses, compared to the 6 million found within a human nose. Plus, the area of their brain that processes smells is 40 times larger than that of a human. Dogs can smell more than just odors; they have an additional scent-detecting organ that enables them to sense chemical pheromones., The Science Behind THC Detection According to research, dogs have an impeccable sense of smell, and their ability to detect odors is 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than that of humans. Dogs are trained to detect various substances, including drugs, explosives, and even cancer. When it comes to detecting THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, […], Drug dogs can smell delta-8. The handlers train these canines to pick up various substances, including delta-8 and other cannabis derivatives. However, with relaxed legislation around cannabis and more focus on hard drugs, the chances of a drug dog picking up delta-8 are low., Yes, drug-sniffing police dogs can smell marijuana-infused edibles and THC gummies by detecting the aromatic terpenes found in cannabis plants and because a canine's sense of smell is up to 100,000 times stronger than a human's., The drug spreading in the foil is less. That is why you can keep the drugs in it. Oil can be the best option to hide the illegal weeds. Oil also has a very low spread rate. Many people use oil to hide edibles like marijuana and other weeds. Can Dogs Smell Edibles – can drug dogs smell edibles – can tsa dogs smell edibles, While Dr. Richter explains that small amounts of THC may be helpful for some dogs, he warns against giving it to your dog because it's difficult to dose and too much can be toxic. Hemp, on the other hand, contains less than .3% THC but has high amounts of cannabidiol (CBD), which is non-psychoactive and non-toxic. How CBD affects your dog, However, a trained drug-sniffing dog will detect ink and cash. This way, the dog won't smell weed in a vacuum-sealed bag. On the other hand, if the drug was in a plastic bag, the odor should be too strong for a dog to detect. While a trained dog may detect marijuana in a bag, it's not always possible to detect it if it's inside a vape ..., Low body temperature. Low heart rate. Nervousness. Tremors and seizures, in severe cases. As with most toxic substances, the severity of the symptoms will depend on the quantity eaten and your dog's size. While the drug itself is not likely to kill a dog, the effects can have secondary consequences., Even though smoking marijuana can provide you with an instant high, you have to keep in mind that you're not just inhaling smoke alone. ... they have the downside of getting smashed easily and leaving a noticeable smell. THC pens are known to be quite durable. While some of the cheaper options are made mainly of plastic, some of the higher ..., Yet on a three-night cruise to Bimini in June 2022, the smell of marijuana flower was pervasive even in Carnival Conquest’s pre-cruise check-in area, and onboard, the smell of burning weed was ..., Jan 8, 2024 · Most drug dogs can smell blood, smell cannabis oil, vape cartridges, harder illegal drugs, explosives, and more. When it comes to smelling weed, their noses are 10,000 to 100,000 times stronger than our sense of smell. So it’s no wonder drug dogs can smell vape pens easily. Meaning drug dogs will be able to scent your weed for quite a distance. , So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell dab pens, the answer is an unwavering yes. We may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy. Likewise, dogs can be trained to smell thc; Drug sniffer dogs can smell vape cartridges and pens depending on what's in the juice and cartridge. Source: thedogvisitor.com. Police dogs can signal ..., Is there a drug that can take away a dog's sense of smell? No, and I can't think of why you would want to. Dogs rely heavily on their sense of smell - it is their primary sense, just as vision is ..., Furthermore, many vape pens contain THC, the main psychoactive component of marijuana, which drug dogs are specifically trained to detect. While some vape cartridges may be marketed as THC-free, it is important to note that these products may still contain trace amounts of the substance that could be picked up by a drug dog., Yes, dogs trained to sniff drugs can smell vape pens and vape cartridges depending on what’s in the cartridge and juice. Some law enforcement agencies train dogs specifically to find nicotine and cannabis in vape pens., Marijuana poisoning in dogs. American Kennel Club. Khan, S. A. (2022). Toxicities from illicit and abused drugs. Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Meola, S. D., et al. (2012). Evaluation of trends in marijuana toxicosis in dogs living in a state with legalized medical marijuana: 125 dogs (2005-2010). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care., Instead, they are trained to detect the odor of illegal substances, including marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. So, if you’re carrying a vape pen containing THC, a drug dog will be able to smell it just as easily as if you were carrying a bag of weed. In conclusion, drug-sniffing dogs can detect THC in vapes., Yes, drug dogs can be trained to detect delta-8 THC, along with other cannabis derivatives. However, as cannabis laws relax, the focus of training is often on hard drugs, making it less likely for a dog to alert for delta-8 specifically. Always check local laws when traveling with delta-8 products to avoid legal issues., Can Drug Dogs Smell Mushrooms? The answer is Yes; depending on the goals of the agency, drug detection dogs are capable of detecting a wide range of illegal drugs, including hallucinogenic mushrooms.The most often used drugs in the US include methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Dogs' keen sense of smell—especially when it comes to magic mushrooms—can also be utilized to ..., We'll explain what drug dogs are used to smell, how they're trained, and just how accurate they are at detecting cannabis vape cartridges in comparison to traditional cannabis, and even hemp derived carts. How Strong is a Dog's Nose? First things first, let's talk about what dogs can smell. Dogs have an incredible sense of smell. In ..., Airport drug dogs can potentially detect cannabis carts, but the reduced odor poses a challenge. Awareness of the laws and the potential consequences of carrying such items through airports is essential for any traveler. In conclusion, while the exact capabilities of airport drug dogs to detect cannabis carts may vary, the safest course of ...